Wastewater is often used for irrigation, especially in farming near urban areas, causing heavy metal accumulation and pathogenic infection in soils and crops grown there. A socio- economic survey conducted in a peri-urban area in Faisalabad called “Uchkara” revealed that in spite of being aware of the potential harmful effects of waste water, farmers preferred to use it due to its low cost and lack of alternatives. Comparison of irrigation water from different sources showed that in wastewater the concentrations of Cr, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Pb were many folds higher than their recommended safe limit, rendering affected water sources unfit for use in irrigation. Crops irrigated with this waste water also had very high concentrations of heavy metals. Higher concentrations were found in leafy vegetables than in other crops. Screening was carried out to identify high yielding and heavy metal tolerant tomato genotypes when irrigated with waste water. Diverse tolerance to heavy metals and yield- related traits were observed among tomato accessions. Higher concentrations of metals were found in vegetative parts than in fruits. The concentrations of Cr (0.35-50 ug/g), Mn (3.75- 16.25 ug/g), Ni (0.75-3.25 ug/g), Pb (0-3.75 ug/g) and Zn (13.74-69.5 ug/g) varied in fruit tissues of different tomato accessions. The tomato accessions PB-017906 and 10592 had better fruit yield and appeared relatively tolerant to heavy metals accumulation. With maternal effects and additive type of gene action was involved in the inheritance of number of flowers and number of fruits, while a dominance type of gene action was involved in the inheritance of heavy metals tolerance. Transcriptome analysis of heavy metal tolerance genes i.e., HSP and M. Thio showed that tomatoes respond to high concentrations of heavy metals through increased transcription of the HSP and M. Thio genes. It was observed under Pb and Cr stress that HSP and M. Thio protein transcripts accumulated to levels many times higher than in the in roots and leaves of control plants, reducing protein damage from heavy metals and sustaining cellular homeostasis. PCR-based diagnostics showed that the waste water had S. enterica bacterium. In contrast, tomato fruits were free of S. enterica contamination in 14 out of 16 (87.5%) tomato accessions, showing that most of the time S. enterica was physiologically blocked from gaining access to the tomato fruit. Although waste water application is the need of time the resulting information from this research will be helpful in the development of low metal-accumulators as well as S. enterica tolerant tomato genotypes suitable for heavy metals and bacterial problems by the use of wastewater.
پروفیسرڈاکٹر نذیر احمد (اشتیاق احمد ظلی) پروفیسر نذیر احمد کے انتقال سے علم و دانش کے میدان میں بالعموم اردو فارسی زبان و ادب کے میدان میں بالخصوص جو خلاء پیدا ہوا ہے اس کا پر ہونا مشکل ہے۔ ان کے علمی اکتسابات اور تحقیقی فتوحات کی فہرست بہت طویل ہے اور اسی طرح ان اعزازات کی بھی جو انہیں تفویض کیے گئے۔ ایران، افغانستان، وسط ایشیا اور جنوبی ایشیا کے علاوہ یورپ و امریکہ کے علمی حلقوں میں ان کے نام اور کام کا بڑا احترام اور اعتراف پایا جاتا تھا۔ ان کی علمی اور تحقیقی دلچسپیوں کا میدان بہت وسیع تھا اور علم و فن کے کتنے ہی تاریک گوشے ان کی فکری کاوشوں سے روشنی میں آئے لیکن تدوین و تحقیق متن اور فرہنگ نویسی ان کے خاص موضوعات تھے جہاں ان کا علم و فن نئی بلندیوں پر نظر آتا ہے۔ دیوان حافظ کے دو قدیم ترین نسخوں کی تحقیق و تدوین کے علاوہ انہوں نے متعدد اہم متون کی بڑی ژرف نگاہی سے تدوین کی اور تحقیق متن کا ایک معیار قائم کیا۔ حافظ پر اپنی تحقیقات کی وجہ سے وہ حافظ شناس کے خطاب سے موسوم ہوئے۔ مصوری، خطاطی اور موسیقی جیسے مختلف النوع موضوعات پر ان کا مطالعہ بہت وسیع تھا اور ان موضوعات پر انہوں نے بڑا وقیع تحقیقی سرمایہ یادگار چھوڑا ہے۔ ان کی شخصیت میں اتنے متنوع اور گونا گوں اوصاف اور کمالات جمع ہوگئے تھے کہ انہیں دیکھ کر علماء سلف کی یاد تازہ ہوجاتی تھی۔ علم و فضل اور شہرت و ناموری کے اتنے اونچے مرتبہ پر فائز ہونے کے باوجود ان کے مزاج میں بڑی سادگی، انکسار اور تواضع تھی۔ اپنے خوردوں سے بھی بڑی خندہ پیشانی اور تواضع سے پیش آتے۔ ان کے مقام و مرتبہ کا ادراک صرف اس وقت ہوتا تھا...
Man is noblest creation in the universe. Prophets are the most honorable men among of all the human being. Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) is most exalted in all prophets. Those who saw the countenance in belief get the blessing from the highest status. There are eleven virtuous wives of the Prophet (S.A.W) to be the mother of whole Umma e Muslim. One of them is Hazrat Ramla (R.A), daughter of Hazrat Abu Sufyan (R.A). She is known as Umme Habiba. As a Makah’s Chief daughter she enjoys every facility. After embracing Islam she showed stead fastness and consistency in Islam. Because her first husband was Christian but she protects her faith, notions and honor. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) give her honor for sending marriage proposal. The Negus recited the word of nikah of all the virtuous and chaste wives of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). Hazrat Umm e Habeeba (R.A) was the greatest preacher and supporter of Islam. She was always ready and assiduous to follow the teachings of Islam; and she understand it her obligation to follow the tradition of Hadith. There are sixty five traditions attributed to her in the primary sources of Hadith, which have fundamental status on different topics. In the mentioned article, the investigatory and factual study of her conditions and services has been offered and displayed
Multi-user systems such as Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are very frequently use in modern communication networks like 4G, MOTO4A, etc. These systems utilize the available bandwidth effectively. In order to maximize the capacity and encounter the high data rate demand, much emphasis given to coding techniques for effective utilization of resources at the transmitter end. Similarly, a variety of algorithms is evolve to separate and detect the data of users at the receiver end of multi-user system. Optimization of both transmitter and receiver is still a very attractive research area for future communication systems. One of the famous coding techniques is Space Time Block Codes (STBC). STBC are implement in single layer and does not give so attractive results in multi-user systems. Nowadays, two layer coding mechanism is being used in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. In this approach, coding process is apply in two layers for better data recovery. In multicarrier systems, Fourier transform is common for frequency domain spreading. It consumes more bandwidth due to addition of cyclic prefixes at transmitter end. Another transformation namely, Slantlet transform is receiving good attention due to its benefit of bandwidth cutback as it does not need addition of cyclic prefixes. The received data can be recover with the help of different conventional adaptive algorithms like Least Mean Square (LMS) and Recursive Least Square (RLS). The conventional LMS and RLS have slow convergence rate and high Bit Error Rate (BER) because of static step size iv and forgetting factor. The performance of these algorithms can be improve with adaptive step size in case of LMS and adaptive forgetting factor in case of RLS for multi-user systems like MC-CDMA and OFDMA. Unconventional algorithms like Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) also used to achieve better performance of multi-user systems. In this thesis, the initial work is divide in two parts on MC-CDMA systems. Initially, the two layered-CDMA codes are focus on MC-CDMA systems. The Multi User Detection (MUD) of this system is implement with conventional LMS and proposed Fuzzy logic based LMS. Later, the single layered space-time block codes is adopt on MC-CDMA systems for exploring the MUD different conventional LMS types. The GA is implement on the same system with proposed GA depth study for MUD. The cooperative coevolutionary algorithms are also test for MUD. In order to overcome high bandwidth consumption issue, the Slantlet transform is propose instead of Fourier Transform for Frequency/Time domain transformations. Lastly, the in depth of MUD on OFDMA is also the part of this thesis. The OFDMA systems are study with proposed Fuzzy LMS and Fuzzy RLS algorithms for MUD. The Soft-PSO is also implement for MUD. Lastly, the proposed algorithm namely Piranha Fish Optimization (PFO) is implement for MUD on OFDMA systems. The opposition based learning concept implemented on PFO. All the proposed schemes evaluated in well comparative manner, which shows its key significance in domain of multi-user systems.