Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Cancer Prevalence in Karachi City by Use of Smokeless Tobacco Products

Cancer Prevalence in Karachi City by Use of Smokeless Tobacco Products

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Rehman, Atta Ur

Program

PhD

Institute

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Heavy metals

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10189/1/PhD%20Thesis%20%28Atta%20ur%20rehman%29.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725661331

Similar

The objective of this study is to measure the level of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Co, Fe and Mn in smokeless tobacco products (STPs), to know about the ingredients used in the manufacture of STPs, to estimate the potential risk by calculating the daily intake (DImetals) and target hazard quotients (THQ). The individual incremental cancer risk (ILTR) of various types of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) and population incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTR) of selected age groups for consumption of inorganic Arsenic (iAs) were also calculated to excess the cancer risk associated with the smokeless tobacco products (STPs). Samples of STPs and their major ingredients were randomly collected from different markets of Karachi city (Pakistan) and classified into different categories. Samples were digested by using the nitric acid (HNO3) and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The daily consumption of STPs was calculated by a questioner, which helped to estimate daily intake of metals (DImetals) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of metals. The high concentration of As, Cr, Se, Fe and Mn were found, while Cu, Ni, Pb and Co were found in low concentration in different STPs. The consumption of STPs obtained as 5.11 – 42.38, 7.67 – 98.55 and 6.39 – 108.46 g/day for the three age groups, below 20, between 21- 40 and above 40 years respectively. The average metal concentration and multivariate analysis indicate that the source of As, Cr, Se, Fe and Mn may be associated with processing of STPs or addition of additive raw ingredients. The high ingestion beyond the safe limit of Cu, Ni, Pb and Co is noted in regards to their consumption pattern. The total THQ (TTHQ) of studied categories of STPs exceeded the safe limit of >1 which indicates the health risk and the ILTR values for individual types of STPs and population ILTR of different age groups specifies the cancer risk associated with their excessive use.

Similar Books

Similar Chapters

Similar News

Similar Articles

Similar Article Headings

26. Al-Shu’ara’/The Poets

26. Al-Shu’ara’/The Poets

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

26:01
a. Ta. Sin. Mim.
26:02
a. These are the Messages of the Clear Book - The Qur’an.
26:03
a. O The Prophet!
b. Perhaps you are going to destroy yourself with worry and grief just because they are not becoming believers.
26:04
a. If WE are to wish, WE can send down on them an Overpowering Sign from the heaven,
b. so that their necks/heads – pride and arrogance - will be forced to bow before it in
absolute humility and submission.
26:05
a. But WE have not wished it to be so,
b. thus whenever a new Message would come to them from the Immensely Merciful,
c. they would turn away in aversion from it.
26:06
a. Thus, indeed, they deny and belie it – The Qur’an;
b. but the truth of what they ridicule will come to haunt them in due course.
26:07
a. They demand a miracle while ignoring numerous miraculous signs of nature Allah has placed all around them; for example,
b. do they not observe the earth, how many of the beautiful pairs of useful vegetation, WE have made to grow on it?
26:08
a. Surely in this is a miracle,
b. yet most of them do not believe in these miracles.
26:09
a. And, your Rabb -The Lord – HE indeed is the Almighty to punish anyone for arrogance against the Truth, and yet the Compassionate especially to the reverent.

26:10
a. And remember when your Rabb - The Lord called out to Moses saying:
b. ‘Go to the people who are unjust ….

طلب معاش کی اہمیت اور اس کی ترقی کے اسباب قرآن اور سنت کی روشنی میں

Trade has been considered as the most important mode of caring livelihood.  Trade is considered as sole biggest medium because all other modes carry secondary position, as they all derive from trade in one way or the other. That’s way crafts and services have gained much success in this era of machinery and technology. In spite of all this trade assumes the same highest positions in this era too. Islam has not left trade on its own but has framed principles. These principles are not only helpful on individual scale but they give benefits to whole community. It benefits in this world and hereafter of its users. Islam is an eternal religion, so it addresses all problems of this era and of upcoming in its teachings. We can gain both worldly and hereafter benefits by acting upon Islamic principles. We have glorious examples of past traders who visited the whole world in order to carry trade. They trade far and wide on the basis of Islamic principles. They not only maintained their businesses, but also preached Islam through their just dealings and humble behavior. Their customers or the people who come into their contact were so impressed that they not only became Muslims but also changed their traditions, Customs, culture and even languages. This article discusses the reasons that explicate the beauty of Trade.

The Impact of a School Leadership Training Program Sltp on the Knowledge and Practices of the Headteachers of the Aga Khan Education Service Schools in the North Areas

School leadership is the most important factor in the improvement of schools. Now it is widely accepted that headteachers need both pedagogical and managerial skills to lead a school. This can be achieved through leadership training programs. In many countries including Pakistan, teachers are mostly promoted to headship positions without their having management and leadership skills in schools. Therefore, the training becomes important for those headteachers who have been promoted to headship positions on the basis of their seniority or teaching experience. The School Leadership Training Program (SLTP) was an in-house training program, which was carried out for the headteachers of AKES, P schools in the Northern Areas. This study is about the impact of SLTP on the knowledge and practices of the Headteachers (HTs) who attended the training program. This inquiry presents the impact of the training program in terms of the sense of self-efficacy, knowledge acquisition, practices and performance of the HTs. The study was carried out in January- February 2004 in four schools of the Aga Khan Education Services, Pakistan, two Field Education Offices, and the Training Program Office of the AKES,P Northern Areas, Gilgit. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Data was collected through interviews of the HTs, teachers, and education officers and a program coordinator, and through document study of schools, FEOs and SLTP related to the practices of HTs, and their staffs. For data analysis the grounded theory of data analysis was used. This study reveals that SLTP had made an impact on the perception, knowledge, practices and performance of the headteachers. The impact of the training program was ascertained on the beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the HTs as well. The research also exposed factors that facilitated or hindered the implementation of the knowledge and skills learnt by the HTs during the training. The major facilitating and hindering factors remained the innate qualities of individuals, system support, suitable working conditions, academic knowledge, and needs based training.