In present study, the polymerization of butadiene and ethylene were carried out using heterogeneous monometallic, bi-and tri-metallic catalysts. Five types of catalysts, nickel, cobalt monometallic, Ni-Co bi-metallic, and Ni-Co-Pd, Ni-Co-Pt tri-metallic were synthesized by using sol-gel, impregnation and hydrometallurgical methods. The synthesized nano composites were subjected to calcinations at 200, 400, 600 and 900 oC, to study their effects on catalyst morphology, activity and product selectivity. These were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), helium adsorption Brunaur, Emmett and Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR Spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies. The synthesized catalysts were tested for the polymerization of butadiene and ethylene in ethanol, n-hexane and toluene solvents at various temperature and pressure conditions in Parr reactor. The products obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, 1H and 13 C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Static laser light scattering (SLLS) and Mass spectrometric analysis (MS). The results showed that in ethanol solvent at 130 °C and 1.0 barr pressure, the product obtained consists of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds and polybutadiene terminated by -OH group. The selectivity of product was obtained in n-hexane and toluene solvent. In order to synthesize hydroxyl group terminated polybutadiene HTPB, the termination of polybutadiene was carried out by acidic solution of ethanol or hydrogen peroxide, whereas the termination of polyethylene was carried out by the acidic solution of ethanol. The significant product was achieved with the catalyst prepared by hydrometallurgical method as compared to other techniques. The best results were achieved with the Ni-Co- Pt catalyst calcined at 900 oC with molecular weight average of 12414 and a polydispersity Mw/Mn value of 1.404 under controlled conditions of temperature 130 oC and pressure 1.0 barr. The microstructure distribution of polybutadiene was studied by carrying out catalytic activity test at different temperature and pressure conditions. 100% stereoregular product of cis-1,4 polybutadiene have been achieved at low temperature 30 oC and pressure 0.5 barr with the catalyst Ni-Co calcined at 900 oC.
مفتی عبداللطیف افسوس ہے کہ علمائے قدیم کی ایک اہم اور آخری یادگار مفتی عبداللطیف صاحب نے گزشتہ مہینہ انتقال فرمایا، مرحوم استاذ العلماء مولانا لطف اﷲ صاحب علی گڑھ کے شاگرد مولانا فضل رحمن گنج مراد آبادیؒ کے مرید اور دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے دور اول کے اساتذہ میں تھے، حضرت سید صاحب مرحوم نے ابتدائی کتابیں ان ہی سے پڑھی تھیں۔ پھر ندوہ سے اپنے خواجہ تاش مولانا محمد علی مونگیریؒ کے پاس مونگیر چلے گئے اور کچھ دنوں یہاں قیام کے بعد حجاز تشریف لے گئے اور کئی سال تک مدرسۂ صولتیہ مکہ معظمہ میں درس و تدریس کی خدمت انجام دی، اسی زمانہ میں مصر و شام و عراق وغیرہ کی سیاحت کی، پھر حجاز سے واپس آکر مونگیر میں تصنیف و تالیف کا سلسلہ شروع کیا، جامعہ عثمانیہ کے قیام کے بعد جب ان کے ہم درس مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں شروانی اس کے وائس چانسلر مقرر ہوئے تو انھوں نے مفتی صاحب کو اس کے شعبۂ دینیات میں لکچرر مقرر کیا اور آخر میں وہ اس کی صدارت کے عہدہ سے وظیفہ یاب ہوئے۔ جامعہ عثمانیہ سے سبکدوشی کے بعد شروانی صاحب نے مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ دینیات میں ان کا تقرر کرایا۔ مگر چند ہی سال کے بعد ضعف پیری کی وجہ سے اس خدمت سے سبکدوش ہوگئے، اور علی گڑھ میں مستقل قیام فرمایا، مگر درس و تدریس کا سلسلہ آخر عمر تک جاری رہا۔ مفتی صاحب مرحوم ہندوستان کے مشہور اساتذہ میں تھے، دینی علوم پر ان کی نظر بڑی گہری اور وسیع تھی۔ ان کے تلامذہ کی تعداد سیکڑوں سے متجاوز ہے۔ جن میں مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی مرحوم جیسے شاگرد بھی تھے۔ تالیف و تصنیف کا بھی مشغلہ رہتا تھا۔ چنانچہ ان کی کئی کتابیں تاریخ القرآن، سیرت امام ابوحنیفہ اور فقہ کے چند رسائل...
Islam is such a unique religion that commoner’s social welfare with its subdomains and conquered subjugated principalities. History of Islam is teemed with its practical instances of social welfare with subjugated states. Conquered nations are dealt with and interacted with i n a way, that their right might not be violated, instead governing power took such steps that helped them to become acquaintances of the conqueror that is why every Islamic government forbade Muslims to usurp the social rights of any minority the subsequent passage historical and analytical study of sociological dealing of Muslim state with non muslim nations is discussed.
Phosphorus deficiency is a serious threat to crop production around the globe. Plant species and even cultivars within species vary greatly in P efficiency. This variation in P efficiency is greatly influenced by different parameters, growth medium and environment. The basic knowledge of P efficiency mechanisms would be helpful for plant breeders to produce P efficient cultivars. The research project comprised of four separate experiments focusing on three major objectives i) study differential response of wheat genotypes under P stress; ii) compare P efficiency calculation methods; and iii) yield contributing parameters under P stress in glasshouse and in field conditions. Wheat genotypes were evaluated for total P, seeds phytate P fraction, various growth, physiological and yield related attributes in series of nutrient solution and soil culture experiments under wire house and field environments. First study (focussed on seeds total P and phytate P fractions) revealed that genotype Inqlab-91 had maximum total P in grains (8.9 mg g-1) and pre-green revolution genotypes accumulated low phytate P in seeds (averaged 1.8 mg g-1) as compared to post-green revolution genotypes (averaged 3.5 mg g-1). During second study, different classification methods/systems for selecting genotypes against P tolerance were compared. To accommodate more number of parameters according need and focus of the researcher a modified P efficiency calculation method was developed. In another study, we compared P efficiency in glasshouse and field conditions. There were significant variations in growth behavior of cultivars in glasshouse and field conditions. Highest P utilization efficiency under glasshouse condition was observed in cultivar Sandal (96.7%) while under field condition highest P utilization efficiency was observed in cultivar Inqilab-91 (86.4%). In last study, we compared different parameters and observed that parameters like grain yield, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, P uptake, tissue P concentration, number of productive tillers, spikelet per spike, grain weight, and harvest index were found responsible for P efficiency. As a whole, genotypes/cultivars Dirk, MaxiPak-65, Blue Silver, Chakwal-86, SH-02 and Darabi-11 were found efficient in P efficiency/tolerance and could be used in future farming while genotypes/cultivars Pari-73, Sandal-73, Wadanak-83, Iqbal-2000 and Seher-06 were found in-efficient in P efficiency. Genotype SH-02 was efficient in P acquisition and genotype Iqbal-2000 was in-efficient in P acquisition. This project will serve as base for plant breeders in selecting wheat genotypes by choosing suitable method of P efficiency calculation, growth medium and parameters responsible for P efficiency mechanisms.