Bioremediation of colored textile wastewater loaded with dyes and metals is a matter of great concern due to the hazardous risks associated with their untreated discharge into water bodies. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize dye decolorizing metal tolerant bacterial strains for treatment of textile wastewater. For this purpose, 220 metal tolerant bacteria isolated from textile wastewaters coming from different textile industries in Faisalabad were tested for their potential to decolorize four different reactive dyes viz. reactive red 120 (RR120), reactive black 5 (RB5), reactive orange 16 (RO16) and reactive yellow 2 (RY2). Based on the potential to decolorize RR120, RB5, RO16 and RY2 in the presence of a mixture of four heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb), four bacterial strains viz. ZM17, ZM130, ZM160 and ZM183 were selected for subsequent studies. These strain were identified following the amplification, sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of 22 their 16SrRNA, and were named as Raoultella sp. ZM17, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZM130, Pseudomonas sp. ZM160 and Pseudomonas sp. ZM183. The selected bacterial strains were found to have varying levels of tolerance against the presence of different heavy metal ions in the media. Moreover, the decolorizing potential of these isolates was found to be decreased with an increase in the initial dye concentration. Furthermore, the interactive effects of four input variables including salt content, pH, C source concentration and level of multi-metal mixture on decolorization of RB5 by the selected bacterial strains were examined following response surface methodology (RSM) statistical modeling. All the four strains were also found capable of simultaneously removing Cr(VI) and all the reactive azo-dyes under study. However, the strain ZM130 was found to be the most efficient among these strains. Additionally, these strains also showed considerable potential for production of IAA and phosphate solubilization. The strains ZM17 and ZM183 were also found to harbor a dye decolorizing azoreductase Azr gene, whereas, a cadmium tolerant czcABC gene was found to be amplified from the DNA of the strains ZM130, ZM160 and ZM183. Enzymatic analyses of the strain ZM130 indicated that azo-reductase and tyrosinase activities were absent in this strain, however, this strain exhibited considerable activity of laccase and NADH-DCIP reductase activity during the decolorization of RR120. While testing the applicability of the strain ZM130 for treatment of synthetic wastewater, efficiency for color and COD removal of this strain was found to be favored and better in the anaerobic batch bioreactor as compared to aerobic batch bioreactor system. However, presence of yeast extract significantly increased the potential of ZM130 for color and COD removal with attached growth of microbial culture. The potential of the most efficient dye decolorizing metal tolerant bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ZM130 for treatment of synthetic colored wastewater containing both RB5 (300 mg L-1) and hexavalent chromium (25 mg L-1) was also tested in vertical soil columns bio-augmented with this strain using sterilized and nonsterilized soil. It was interesting to note that the highest level of color, COD and Cr(VI) removal (˃90%) was achieved in the treatments where the soil columns were bio-augmented either with the sludge alone or the sludge along with ZM130 followed by the strain ZM130 along with addition of yeast extract. Based on the findings of the present study, it might be concluded that the selected bacterial strains, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZM130, harbor a varying but highly considerable potential for bioremediation of different xenobiotic compounds including dyes and heavy metals. Furthermore, the concurrent plant growth promoting ability offers a great promise for increased and sustained crop productivity even under stressed soil environment. Hence, this strain could be used to develop the bio-treatment systems (bioreactors) for addressing the problem of azodyes and metals in the wastewater.
اچار نریندر دیوجی افسوس ہے کہ اچار نریندر دیوجی کی موت سے ہندوستان ایک بڑی شخصیت سے محروم ہوگیا، وہ اپنے اوصاف کے لحاظ سے ہندوستان کے ممتاز ترین لیڈروں میں تھے، سیاسیؔ خدمات، ایثارؔ و قربانی، علمی قابلیتؔ، بے تعصبیؔ، اور شرافت و وضعداری میں اس دور کے کم لیڈر ان کا مقابلہ کرسکتے تھے، وہ پنڈت جواہر لال کے پرانے رفیق اور جنگ آزادی کے نامور سپاہی تھے، اس راہ میں پنڈت جی کے دوش بدوش قیدو بند کی مصیبتیں جھیلیں، اردوؔ، انگریزیؔ، ہندیؔ، اور سنسکرتؔ چاروں زبانوں میں ان کو عبور حاصل تھا، اور ان کے بڑے اچھے مقرر تھے، ان کا یہ کمال تھا کہ جب اردو یا ہندی میں تقریر کرتے تھے تو دوسری زبان کا ایک لفظ بھی نہ آنے پاتا تھا، اودھ کی پرانی راجدھانی فیض آباد ان کا وطن تھا، اس لیے اردو ان کی مادری زبان تھی اور وہ بڑی فصیح و بلیغ اردو بولتے تھے، علمی قابلیت اور تعلیمی تجربہ کی بنا پر لکھنؤؔ اور ہندو یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر مقرر ہوئے، متعدد کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، ان سب سے بڑھ کر ان کی بے تعصبی اور شرافت و وضعداری تھی، ہندوستان میں اس کے جو نمونے رہ گئے ہیں ان میں سے ایک وہ بھی تھے، ایک زمانہ تک کانگریسی رہے پھر اس سے بددل ہوکر سوشلسٹ پارٹی قائم کی، اگر وہ کانگریسی رہتے تو آج مرکزی حکومت کے وزیر ہوتے، مگر انھوں نے اپنے اصول و نظریات کے مقابلہ میں دنیاوی منصب وجاہ کی کوئی پرواہ نہ کی، اب ان کی جیسی شخصیتیں مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گی، اس لیے ان کی موت ایک بڑا قومی حادثہ ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۵۶ء)
إذا كان التفكير الفلسفي منذ القدم قد جعل المعرفة وما يضمن شروط صدقها وعدم كذبها جزءا أساسيا من اهتماماته، فإن تناول هذه الإشكالية ظل دوما مرتبطا بما يميز كل فلسفة، مثلما هو مرتبط من جهة أخرى باللحظة التاريخية وبهيمنة بعض القضايا النظرية خلال تلك الحقبة. وقد تطور تناول هذا الإشكالية، من كونه إشكالية مرتبطة بأرسطو وبلغته الفلسفية والمنطقية التي تقوم على الحدود والقضايا والمقولات، إلى إشكالية الفلسفة الحديثة التي تقوم على سؤال مصادر المعرفة: بين العقلي والحسي-التجريبي، وما يرتبط بذلك من قضايا مثل آليات اشتغال العقل ودور الحسي والعواطف الانفعالات في إنتاج المعرفة والعلم، فضلا عن منزلة الرياضيات ومناهجها في إقامة وتطور المعرفة العلمية والفلسفية بالإنسان والطبيعة. من هنا تأتي أهمية تناول هذا المقال لموقف ''لايبنيز'' (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) من مصادر المعرفة، وذلك للكشف عن أساس نظرية المعرفة ومبادئها انطلاقا من مفهوم الجوهر والموناد وتكامل العلاقة بين الإيمان والعقل، القائم على أساس العناية الإلهية. وقد عمل ''لايبنيز'' على إبراز وجهة نظره من خلال الرد على الفلاسفة السابقين مما يجعله تمهيدا أساسيا لفهم أهمية تلك المواقف وجعل العودة إليها أمرا حاسما في فهم هذه الإشكالية
We are living in a media-driven world where we all are influenced by the media messages. Media play an important role in setting the agenda of the public. The agenda setting role of media has been recognized world wide and a number of research studies have been conducted all over the world to investigate this role of media. Perhaps this study is the first ever research to investigate the agenda setting role of media in Pakistan. This research project was based on the content analysis as well as survey research. Media agenda was measured through content analysis of the two major national newspapers of the country. The daily Dawn and the daily Jang were selected for the content analysis because the earlier one is the largest widely circulated English newspaper and the later one is the largest widely circulated Urdu newspaper of the country. Six most important issues were identified for the content analysis including the issues of terrorism, Indo-Pak relations, energy crisis, food crisis, judiciary crisis and Lal Masjid (red mosque issue). These issues were selected because of their importance and vast coverage in media throughout the study period of one year. The public agenda about these issues was measured through the survey research. A comprehensive questionnaire was got filled by the readers of the both newspapers separately. The ranking order of the issues along with their most important source of information about the issue was measured. The results of the survey research (public agenda) were then compared with the findings of the content analysis (media agenda). According to the results, it was found that the agenda setting theory worked except the issues of the food and energy crises. These two issues got more importance in the public agenda than the media agenda because of the personal suffering of the 5audience members because the respondents themselves were facing the problems of the food shortage and power cut-off. It means that the personal problems of the public are not dependent on media agenda to become the public agenda. However, for the remaining issues of the study, there was strong relationship between the media and the public agenda. Another finding of this study was that the both newspapers had a different set of news agenda except the issue of the food crisis which got fourth position in the frequency as well as length wise measurement of the both newspapers. It was found that the readers of the both newspapers followed the agenda of the newspaper which they read (except the issues of the food and energy crises). Most of the respondents stated print media as the most important source of information which strengthens the findings of this study that formulation of the public opinion was mainly a result of print media agenda (except the two issues). The public opinion about the issues of the study has been found having a good relationship with the slant and framing of the issues in these newspapers except the issues of the food and energy crises where the public opinion was found against the media slant. The media slant and framing about these two issues was in favor of the government but the maximum public opinion was found against the government regarding these issues. It means that media could not alter the public opinion about the issues of individuals’ personal problems and sufferings.