IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES AND ANTICAMPYLOBACTER ACTIVITY OF LACTOBACILLI ISOLATED FROM POULTRY The aim of the present study was to isolate, characterize and develop indigenous probiotic lactobacilli targeting mitigation of Campylobacter jejuni. Lactobacilli (n=150) were isolated from poultry (62), fermented foods (78) and human faeces (10).All isolates were preliminarily screened for their anticampylobacter activity by well diffusion assay. Sixteen pre-selected isolates had activity against Campylobacter jejuni (n=4). Cell free supernatants (CFSs) of eight isolates (PL22, PL53, PL88, PL120, PL135, PL141, PL145 and PL149) retained activity after pH adjustment (6.5), while CFS of seven isolates (PL22, PL53, PL120, PL135, PL141, PL145 and PL149) retained activity after boiling at 80°C for 10 minutes. Selected isolates were further characterized for their tolerance to low pH and bile salts, antibiotic susceptibility, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation properties. All selected isolates had significant tolerance to low pH (>50% survival at pH 3), bile salts (0.3%), autoaggregation and coaggregation properties. Selected isolates were safe and had no acquired resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, ampicillin and erythromycin. PL53, PL120 and PL149 showed significantly higher reduction (> 3 log reduction) of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291 in broth culture. It is concluded that Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 53, Lactobacillus casei PL 120 and Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 149 had probiotic potential and anti-campylobacter properties.Keywords: probiotics, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, pH tolerance, antimicrobial activity EFFECT OF NEWLY CHARACTERIZED PROBIOTIC LACTOBACILLI ON WEIGHT GAIN, IMMUNOMODULATION AND GUT MICROBIOTA OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI CHALLENGED BROILER CHICKEN The aim of the present study was to determine the competitive exclusion of Campylobacter jejuni inpoultry gut by three potential probiotic lactobacilli strains. A total of 135 birds of one day age were randomly divided into nine groups. The groups of prevention model received respective strains from day 1-35 and treatment model received lactobacilli from day 15-35 (after challenging with C. jejuni). These groups were given lactobacilli (~108 CFUs) while challenged with C. jejuni on day 14 by oral gavage (106 CFUs/bird). There were three control groups including A, B and I. Negative control (A) did not receive any treatment, C. jejuni was given to group B and group I was given Enrofloxacin formulation. Cloacal swabs were collected from birds of each group before and after challenge while the ceca were collected from birds after slaughtering (on day 35) for enumeration of aerobic bacteria, coliform, C. jejuni, lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium on selective agar plates. Effect of lactobacilli on weight gain and New Castle Disease vaccine (NDV) titer were also evaluated. Probiotic strain Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 53 considerably decreased log10 values of aerobic plate count (3.19±0.66), coliform count (2.83±0.22) and C. jejuni (3.98±0.77) in poultry. The probiotics also enhanced Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. counts (~2-3 log increase). Treatment group C had maximum weight gain (1994±188.32g) and geometric mean titer (274.4) on day 28. The results of in-vivo experiments concluded that probiotic administration may be effective for targeted mitigation of C. jejuni in broiler birds.
In this article different era of ╓anaf┘ School of thought is discussed in which it is mentioned that ╓anaf┘ School got the general acceptance among people after the initial three stages of its Origination which lays the foundation of its Evolution and Promotion. First era is known as the era of “ Zahir ul Riw┐yah” renaissance starts from Hazrat Imam Ab┴ ╓an┘fa and moves on up to his disciple Hassan L┴lo’ (204 A.H.). There is no book found under the authorship of Imam Abu Han┘fa but his disciple R┐shid Al Mohammad has written various books. Some famous renowned books under the authorship of Im┐m Muhammad are Al J┐m‘ Alkab┘r (الكبري اجلامع, (Al J┐m‘ Al Sagh┘r (الصغري اجلامع, (Al Siyar Al kab┘r(الكبري السري, (Al Siyar Al Saghir(الصغري السري, (Al Mabs┴t(املبسوط (and Al Ziy┐d┐t(الزايدات.(Second era is known as Mas┐’l-e Naw┐dir. Books like Al-Kais┐niy┐t(كيسانيات َال, (AlH┐r┴niy┐t(اهلارونيات, (Al-Jurj┐niy┐t(رجانيات ُ اجل (and AlRuqiy┐t(ياتَّق َّ الر (are written under the authorship of Imam Muhammad during this era are consists of new topics that are not mentioned in the written books of earlier period.
The Aga Khan University Institute for Educational Development (IED-AKU) was established in 1993, and it started preparing Professional Development Teachers (PDTs) through a two-year field based Master in Education (M.Ed.) programme. The PDTs are expected to be exemplary teachers, teacher educators and change agents to bring improvement in their home institutions. Understanding teachers' life is one of the main focuses of present day educational research enderours. The purpose of this study was to explore the personal life investment in the professional life of the PDT. To study this aspect of her life, a life history approach was employed. Data were generated through eight interviews and document analysis. The findings of the study were analyzed against the predetermined categories as subsidiary questions of the study, and the data revealed that family environment, school environment, college life, life overseas, life at AKU-IED, some professional experiences and her own natural abilities are the factors that influenced her professional life. Each category is further sub-divided under sub-categories and discussed. The implications of the study emerged on the basis of significance of the study and in the light of the findings. Further more, suggestions for further investigation followed at the end.