Noureen, Saleha
PhD
University of the Punjab
Lahore
Punjab
Pakistan
2019
Completed
Microbiology
English
http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10775/1/Saleha_Noureen_Microbiology_2019_UoP_Punjab_19.03.2019.pdf
2021-02-17 19:49:13
2024-03-24 20:25:49
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شب برات اور آتش بازی کی قبیح رسم
انسان کی ہمیشہ سے خواہش رہی ہے کہ کام تھوڑ ا کر نا پڑے اور اس کی مزدوری اور اُجرت زیادہ مل جائے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے بھی کچھ اوقات ایسے مقرر کیے ہیں کہ اس میں دین اسلام پر کار بند شخص تھوڑی سی عبادت کر کے ڈھیروں ثواب کما سکتے ہیں۔ ان اوقات میں لیلۃ القدر یعنی شب برات بھی ہے جو پندرہ شعبان المعظم کی رات ہے اور کروڑوں مسلمان اس رات میں شبِ بیدار ی کر کے اپنے پروردگار کے سامنے سر بسجدہ ہوتے ہیں اور اپنے گناہوں کی معافی کے طلبگار ہوتے ہیں۔ چنانچہ قرآن مجید میں ہے کہ:۔
’’حم قسم ہے کتاب مبین کی بیشک ہم نے اتارا ہے اسے ایک برکت والی رات میں بے شک ہم ڈر سنانے والے ہیں، اس رات ہرحکمت والا کا م بانٹ دیا جا تا ہے۔‘‘
تشریح! یہاں کتاب مبین سے مراد کلام اللہ یعنی قرآنِ مجید فرقانِ حمید ہے اگر چہ بعض مقامات پر اس سے مرادلوح محفوظ بھی ہے۔ نزولِ قرآن کی رات کی عظمت و فضیلت کو ظاہر کرنے لیے اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآنِ مجید کی قسم ارشاد فرمائی۔ لیلۃ القدر برکتوں والی رات اس رات کے تعین میں مختلف اقوال ہیں لیکن عام طور پرد وقول زیادہ مشہور ہیں ایک تو یہ کہ اس سے مراد لیلۃ القدر ہے جو ماہ ِرمضان شریف میں آتی ہے۔ دوسرا قول یہ ہے کہ اس سے مراد شب ِبرات ہے جو شعبان المعظم کی پندرھویں رات ہے جیسا کہ تفسیر مظہری میں ہے۔ حضرت عکرمہصنے کہا کہ یہ پندرھویں شعبان کی رات ہے جس میں سال بھر کے امور لکھ دیئے جاتے ہیں جنہیں مرنا ہوتا ہے انہیں زندوں کی فہرست سے نکال دیا جاتا ہے پھر ان میں نہ زیادتی کی جاتی ہے نہ کمی۔The Prophet Muḥammad (S. A. W) : A Universal Messenger of Peace (An Overview of the Prophet Muḥammad (SAW) ’s Relations With the Non-Muslims
Islām, as the religion of peace and mercy, teaches and preaches peace, justice, tolerance, goodwill and equality among the human beings. Being the trustee of Allāh, man has been prescribed some requirements for the regulation of human conduct. The Prophet Muḥammad (r) is the personification of these teachings and commandments of Allāh. His conduct is “the Perfect Example” and “the Role Model” to be followed by human beings. He has been titled in The Qur’ān as (al-Raḥmah) the mercy for all the worlds. Whatever aspect of the Prophet Muḥammad (r) ’s life is investigated, it is proved to be unbiased and stands as a hallmark for the universal peace, justice, tolerance and equality, not only for the believers, but, for the non-Muslims, even for the worst enemies, as well. The first part of this paper describes the concept of peace in Islām and the role of the Prophet Muḥammad (r) as the messenger of the religion of peace. The second part of the paper focuses on the characteristics of the Prophet Muḥammad (r) as the messenger of peace in every aspect of life. While the third part of the paper is about the study of the historical facts, which discuss the life of the Prophet Muḥammad (r) as a historical figure and there is no doubt in his personality and character. Proactive Strategies to Improve Link Stability under Topology Changes in Mobile Adhoc Networks
Improving link stability under topological changes arise due to link/node failures under uniform speeds and random trajectories of mobile nodes, is a significant problem that must be addressed to improve routing performance in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). Under random characteristics of wireless channels, there must be a unified model based on proactive strategies to improve link stability under topological changes for stable and robust communications among neighboring nodes. This thesis addresses the problem of link stability under topological changes by presenting proactive strategies for faster failure detection, robustly maintaining link stability, effective link stability estimation, and efficient traffic estimation. First, a novel faster failure detection (FFD) strategy is proposed for link re-connectivity under link/node failures using a Hello messaging scheme. FFD is modeled through a Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) based approach to proactively detect link/node failures under topological changes in MANETs. The FFD strategy minimizes delay incurred as a result of link re-connectivity, optimizes adjacency establishments among neighboring nodes, and enables energy efficiency to improve network connectivity. Second, a novel dynamic link connectivity (DLC) strategy for maintaining link stability among neighboring nodes. DLC is modeled through CTMC by taking into account continuous time analysis of dynamic link connectivity and stationary probability distribution between neighboring node pairs. The DLC strategy examines stability of network nodes and calculates probabilities of connection and disconnection states on the basis of transition rate estimation between these states. The DLC strategy robustly maintains link connectivity for future communications among neighboring nodes inside a cluster. Third, novel link connectivity metrics (LCM) and path distribution analysis (PDA) strategies are presented for effective link stability estimation in MANETs. LCM and PDA are modeled using CTMC under random movement of network nodes and topology trigxxii gered path duration statistics as a function of effective link stability estimation. The LCM and PDA strategies collectively enhance robustness and stability of a network by making it less prone to connectivity failures for future communications among network nodes. Finally, the fourth contribution is a novel efficient traffic estimation (ETE) strategy using Hello messaging among neighboring nodes inside a cluster. ETE is modeled through periodic exchange of transmitted Hello messages under local link connectivity between neighboring node pairs, which follows a CTMC model. The ETE strategy estimates optimum Hello messages traffic through local link connectivity. Simulation and analytical results demonstrate that the proposed strategies improve link stability under topological changes and can be deployed as effective tools for maximizing routing performance in MANETs.