A Study on Non-Performing Assets (NPA) of Selected Private Sector Banks in India

The banking industry is critical to the success of any economy since it satisfies societal requirements. A bank is a financial entity that provides its clients with a variety of banking and other financial services. India's banking industry has been grappling with mounting non-performing assets. The rise of Non-Performing Assets has a significant impact on a bank's profitability. This research was undertaken in order to analyze the non-performing assets of a sample of chosen private sector banks in India. For that purpose, the researcher chose the top four private sector banks, namely HDFC bank, ICICI bank, Axis bank, and Indusland bank, based on their net sales from 2016-17 to 2020-21. To analyze non-performing assets in a selected private sector in India, gross non-performing assets (NPAs), net non-performing assets (NPAs), and net profit ratios were chosen. To test the hypothesis, the researcher employed a one-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. The study's primary conclusions include that HDFC bank's average GNPA and average NNPA are the lowest in the industry, while ICICI banks are the highest.

Characterization of Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations and Genetic Diversity in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan has been known for a high burden of tuberculosis (TB). However, there is little information about the molecular characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains predominant in the province. Therefore, this study was planned to study the genetic diversity and molecular patterns responsible for the extensive drug resistance in the M. tuberculosis isolates isolated from clinical samples. In the current study total 794 patients were tested for suspected tuberculosis by fluorescence microscopy and GeneXpert system at the Provincial TB Reference Laboratory, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Among the 794 patients studied, 170 samples gave positive results and were further tested for drug susceptibility, out of which 163 samples gave results of drug susceptibility test. Among these 163 isolates, 79 (48.46%) were resistant to isoniazid, 47 (28.83%) were resistant to streptomycin, 56 (34.35%) were resistant to rifampicin, 31 (19.01%) were resistant to ethambutol, 16 (9.81%) were resistant to pyrazinamide, 59 (36.1%) were resistant to ofloxacin, 12 (7.36%) were resistant to capreomycin and 11 (6.74%) were resistant to amikacin. Further, these resistant isolates were selected for mutation analysis in the ‘hot spot regions’ of katG, rpoB, inhA, rpsL, embB, pncA, gyrA and gyrB genes. For the mutation analysis of the hotspot regions of katG and inhA genes, 30 resistant isolates were selected randomly. Among these 30 isolates, 21 (70%) had a mutation in katG gene and two (6.6%) had the most common C15T mutation in inhA promoter region. In 21 katG mutant isolates, 15 showed Ser315Thr, three showed Gly316Ser, two showed Ser315Arg mutations while one isolate was positive for a double mutation of Ser303Trp and Lys274Arg. Fourteen isolates were analyzed for the rpoB gene mutation. The mutations detected in rpoB gene in the selected isolates were Ser450Leu, Asp435Gly, Ser450Gln, Gly455Asp and Pro454His. Sixteen isolates were analyzed for streptomycin resistant-mutation in the rpsL gene. The rpsL gene mutations detected in six isolates were Lys43Arg, Lys88Arg, and Lys111Ile. Sixteen isolates were analyzed for ethambutol resistant-mutations of the embB gene. Out of these, 10 isolates were positive for Ala281val, Met306Leu, and Met306Val mutations. Eight isolates were analyzed for pyrazinamide resistant mutations of the pncA gene. Among them, 5 isolates showed a mutation in pncA gene, which included Gln141Pro, Ser65Ser*, Gly132Ser and Cys138stop mutations. The insertion of G at position 392 was also detected in pncA gene. Twenty isolates were analyzed for ofloxacin resistant mutations in gyrA and gyrB genes. Asp94Gly mutation in gyrA gene was detected in nine isolates while no mutation for the gyrB gene was detected in the selected isolates. These findings provide insights into the genetic variability existing against various drugs in M. tuberculosis circulating in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The results showed some novel mutations in the genes, katG, rpoB, rpsL and pncA. Small molecule inhibitors of the proteins encoded by the drug resistant genes, i.e., KatG, gyrA, pncA and rpoB of M. tuberculosis, were identified using computational methods. On the basis of the docking score and binding interactions, ten small molecule compounds were identified as novel inhibitors of each protein. These compounds showed significant interaction with the active site of the protein. The genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates was estimated using RAPD and PCR restriction enzyme analysis.Fifty-two MTBC isolates were randomly selected for RAPD-PCR and PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. M. Bovis and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were used as reference strains. RAPD-PCR differentiated the strains and authenticated the high molecular diversity.PCR restriction enzyme analysis (PRA) profiles of all isolates and reference strains were found to be the same. High diversity values were found in the studied area implying high population diversity of M. tuberculosis that’s being prevalent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The development of M. tuberculosis resistant strains is a major challenge severely affecting public health worldwide. New drugs obtained from natural resources could be a viable option to avoid serious drug resistance issues. On this quest, Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. were isolated from the surface soil. The secondary metabolites of Aspergillus and Penicillium were screened for anti-tuberculosis activity. The secondary metabolites of Aspergillus were active against M. tuberculosis whereas those of Penicillium showed no significant inhibitory activity. The results provide an overview of the existing nature of Multi drug resistance in M. tuberculosis circulating in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.