3۔ قتل خطاء
جو کسی شخص کی موت وقوع میں لانے یا اسے نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت کے بغیر غلطی فعل یا غلطی واقعہ سے ویسے شخص کی موت کا باعث ہو تو وہ قتل خطاء کا مرتکب ہے۔ 207
Allah Almighty has created abundance of natural resources(air, water, plants, animals) for the benefit of man. Air is considered one of the basic necessity for life on Earth. Air pollution is a major and serious problem of the contemporary world. Rapidly spreading large crowded cities, modern transport, installation of industries and thermal power stations are the main causes of air pollution. A large number of Industries, power-generating stations, construction projects, brick Kilns and toxic solid wastes are polluting the atmosphere badly. The transport like buses, trucks, auto rickshaws, airplanes and internal combustion engines are main sources of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and lead pollution in the air. The toxic gases, smog and smoke of industries are affecting humane, animal and plant life rapidly. Treatment devices are not installed in industries and brick kilns to remove harmful gases before releasing smoke into the atmosphere. This research work explores that Air pollution is the core issue of the entire world, which requires immediate action for removal of pollution from the air. Test results of air quality indicate that major part of Pakistani population is living at the risk of air pollution. Islam clearly commands each individual to avoid negative and destructive actions. This Study explores that Air pollution can be abated and minimized by adopting Islamic precautionary measures about air cleanliness.
Plant-parasitic nematodes particularly root knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are a severe constraint to vegetable production. They cause heavy economic damages in Pakistan and also worldwide. Determination of genetic diversity among root knot nematodes is critical to investigate their host range so as to devise consequent disease management plan. Therefore present study investigated genetic variability among RKNs and their response to Pasteuria (hyperparasite/biocontrol of RKNs). Different fields in major vegetable production areas in Punjab (Faisalabad, Jhang, Khanewal, Multan and Rawalpindi) was randomly surveyed for reliable estimation of different RKN populations and Pasteuria penetrans associated with tomato and cucumber crops. 700 soil and roots samples (6-9cm depth) were collected. Out of which 340 (48.57%) were infested with RKN. Maximum disease incidence 54.28% was reported in Faisalabad followed by 50, 44.28, 42.85 and 31.42% in Jhang, Multan, Rawalpindi and Khanewal respectively. In vitro, different isolates of P. penetrans (PP-3 and PP-J) at different temperatures and concentrations were evaluated against 116 RKN populations. The results revealed that with the increase in temperature and spore concentration the mean encumbrance level of Pasteuria with J2 cuticle increased. A population of RKN giving best attachment with Pasteuria was studied for their genetic variability using PCR-RFLP. The sizes of PCR products were 1.7 kb for M. incognita and M. javanica populations while populations of M. arenaria produced 1.1 kb fragment. The digestion with Hinf I of 1.7 kb product of M. javanica yielded two fragments of 1.0 and 0.7 kb, while an additional enzyme digestion site on M. incognita product cleavage the 0.7 kb fragment to generate two more fragments of about 0.4 and 0.3 kb. M. arenaria had no enzyme digestion site by Hinf I digestion. Developments of PP-3 and PP-J on different populations of Meliodogyne spp. were not varied significantly when tomato and cucumber growth responses were compared. However nematode reproduction parameters were variable. In microplat, increase in plant growth responses of tomato in i.e., fresh and dry weight of shoot, shoot length and yield of tomato plants was observed when nematodes were treated with spores of P. penetrans. Nematode reproduction parameters i.e., galls/plant, galls with egg masses, J2/100 ml3 and reproduction factor were variable between plants inoculated with nematodes and nematode + Pasteuria treated plants. The influence of five levels of endospore attachment (1-2 spores/J2, 3-5 spores/J2, 7-10 spores/J2, >15spores/J2 and control) decreased root invasion by J2, galling index, egg masses/plant and females/plant while infected females and their percentage increased with increase in level of endospores. In different soil textures viz., sandy soil, silt, clay soil, loam soil, sandy loam, loamy sand, sandy clay and clay loam, the rate of encumbrance of J2 and P. penetrans development parameters were maximum in light textured soil than heavier ones. The results of this project provided updated status of RKN infestation level in Punjab, genetic diversity among different populations of RKN and efficacy of P. penetrans for sustainable crop protection against RKN.