Vascular wilt of lentil caused by various ecologically and phylogenetically diverse species of Fusarium is found in all the lentil growing areas of Pakistan and the disease could be visualized at both seedling and adult stages of plant growth. The disease is responsible for huge losses each year in Pakistan, yet, there is a scarcity and lack of literature and information regarding its occurrence, incidence, distribution, biology and management of wilt pathogens. Therefore, the study was planned keeping in view the national interests to avoid future losses caused by lentil wilt. The objectives of this study were to assess the wilt prevalence and incidence in major lentil growing districts of Punjab, morpho-molecular and pathogenic characterization of recovered wilt pathogens and the management through host plant resistance, biological control agents and fungicides. A two year field survey data (2011-12 and 2012-13) and laboratory isolations ascertained 213 isolates of Fusarium pathogen as associated wilt incidence identified in the fields. Disease was found widespread with 100% prevalence in all the major lentil growing districts of Punjab viz. Bhakkar, Layyah, Mianwali, Khushab, Sialkot, Narowal, Chakwal, Attock, Gujrat and Jhelum. The mean wilt incidence was found 28% with maximum incidence recorded at adult plant stage (32.4%) than at seedling (23.05%). Morphological characterization showed significant variation among the isolates and based on similar morphology, these were grouped into 67 type isolates for subsequent study. The in vitro pathogenicity testing through root dip method using line NARC-08-1 and cultivar Masoor-93 showed excellent production of wilt symptoms for pathogenic characterization. High pathogenic variability was revealed among the isolates. Based on disease reaction i.e. avirulent to highly virulent observed on most susceptible line NARC-08-1, isolates showed 0 to 100% disease incidence and severity index with significant (11.86 to 100%) reduction in yield. The isolates were grouped into four categories viz. highly virulent (13 isolates, 19.40%), moderately virulent (41, 61.19%), low virulent (8, 11.94%) and avirulent (5, 7.46%). The highly virulent isolates included FWC15, FWJ35, FWJ49, FWG1, FWS11, FWS13, FWN2, FWL2, FWL6, FWL9, FWL12, FWB10 and FWK2. Molecular characterization and DNA sequencing of isolates through PCR amplification of translation elongation factor TEF-1α gene region using primers ef1 and ef2 confirmed the identity of the Fusarium isolates at species level. The amplification produced a single DNA fragment of size 700bp in each of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of 67 morphologically and pathogenically diverse Fusarium isolates recovered from various lentil districts of the country revealed that the isolates belonged to different clades under five distinct species. The identified species included F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. nygamai, F. commune and F. equiseti. This data supported the morphological variation observed among the isolates and divulged the association of these identified species in wilt disease incidence as reported in the major lentil producing region of the country. The findings revealed the highest prevalence of F. oxysporum (49.29%) in the region followed by F. redolens (29.57%), F. equiseti (10.79%) and F. commune (7.98%), while least prevalence was of F. nygamai (2.34%). The most virulent F. oxysporum isolate FWL12 (GenBank accession number KP297995) was selected for the management trials. Screening of the lentil germplasm revealed reduced wilt infection in five cultivars viz. Markaz-09, Masoor-86, Masoor-2006, Punjab Masoor-00518, Punjab Masoor-09 that showed 4.44 to 12.59% severity index, 20 to 46.67% incidence and 9.60 to 24.94% yield reduction. The biological management revealed the best efficiency of T. harzianum in reducing wilt infection on line NARC-08-1 and produced 8.9% disease severity index, 26.7% incidence with 16.27% yield reduction. Chemical seed treatment identified systemic fungicides as highly effective in disease management that resulted in improved 100% seed germination. Benomyl (6.7% incidence and 1.5% severity index) was found superior than Thiophanate methyl (13.3%, 3%). In conclusion, the results of this research study provide an overall current status of wilt disease in the country and high lightened the areas under current high risk of its spread. The findings also revealed the continuous reduction in the acreage of this crop in the major lentil region. The revealed association of five virulent and morpho-molecularly diverse species viz. F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. nygamai, F. commune and F. equiseti with the wilt disease is reported for the first time in Pakistan. The screening suggests five cultivars viz. Markaz-09, Masoor-86, Masoor-2006, Punjab Masoor-00518 and Punjab Masoor-09 as an important source of resistance for lentil breeding against wilt. Moreover, T. harzianum proves an efficient biological control agent, while seed treatment suggests Benomyl and Thiophanate methyl as the most effective against the wilt pathogen.
ہزارہ دا اتہاس بہوں پرانا اے ۔ایتھوں دے وسوں دا اسمبھندھ پتھر دو رنال جا رلدا اے ۔ ایس دا پرانا ناں ’’عروسہ ‘‘اے جس توں اکھر’’ اورش ‘‘بنیا اے ۔ہندوستانی تاریخ مہا بھارت 301ء قبل مسیح وچ ایس داناں ’اراگا ‘‘''URAGA''ؒلکھیا ہویا اے ۔جس دے ارتھ جھیل دے ہن (۱)321ء ق م وچ ایس دا الحاق ٹیکسلا نال ہویا تے 326ق م وچ سکند ر اعظم نے ایس علاقے تے حملہ کیتا تے فتح کر کے ایس نوں پونچھ دے راجا ابھیسار دے حوالے کر دتا تے(2) ایس علاقے نوں ’’ابھسیار‘‘آکھیا جاون لگ پیا ۔329(3)ق م وچ ایس علاقے تے موریہ خاندان دا قبضہ ہو یا تے چندر گپت موریہ دے راج وچ ’’سنئہ گپتا ‘‘دا آغاز ہو یا ۔چند گپت دے مگروں ہند وسر راجہ بنیا تے بندو سر دی موت پچھوں اشوک اعظم راج گدی اتے بیٹھیا ۔اوس سمے ٹیکسلا ایس علاقے دی راج دھانی سی ۔اشوک اعظم نے اپنے حکم پتھراں اتے لکھوائے جو اج وی مانسہرہ دے بٹ پل تے بریٹری علاقے وچ ویکھے جا سکدے نیں ۔ہندو بریٹری پہاڑی اتے شیوا دی پوجا لئی جاندے سن (4)اشوک دے مگروں سیتھین نے ایس علاقے اتے راج کیتا تے ایہناں توں پچھوں ساکا خاندان دی حکومت قائم ہوئی ۔
484ء وچ راجہ رسالو نے ہزارہ اتے قبضہ کیتا ۔راجہ رسالو راجہ سالباسن دا پتر سی تے ساکا خاندان نال تعلق رکھدا سی (5)اوہ شکار کرن ہزارہ آندا رہندا سی ۔ایہہ اوس ویلے ٹیکسلا راج دا حصہ سی ۔سری کپ نے اک وار راجہ رسالو دے بہوں سارے بندیاں نوں بندی بنا لیا ۔اوہ راجہ رسالونوں وی بندی بنا نا چاہندا سی ۔راجہ رسالو تے راجہ سری کپ وچ شطرنج دا مقابلہ ہو یا ۔جس وچ سر ی کپ...
Holy Quran is the revealed book of Allah Almighty. This holy book has described the fundamental principles for the guidance and success of Human beings. One of the fundamental beliefs is that of life herein after (Akhirat). Allah Almighty has described several stages for the same life. The first destination of man purgatory which is like an interval between death and resurrection. This destination is the beginning point of the graciousness and severe pain in the life herein after. In the article under reference efforts have been made to explore and highlight the Quranic view point about purgatory (the interval between death and resurrection).
Drug development has multiple stages of drug designing and evaluation in pharmacological models for desired clinical outcomes. The unmet need to completely eradicate cancer and leishmaniasis drives researchers to continue the struggle for safer and effective medicines. Along these lines, a library of 78 organic synthetic compounds including organotin (IV) (39), indoline (15), hydrazide (4), diazole (2) and ferrocene (18) derivatives were studied against Leishmania and cancer using in vitro, in silico and in vivo models. Cytotoxicity against DU145, THP-1 and isolated lymphocytes was shown by 36 (> 70%), 21 (> 50-70%), and 18 (least IC50 2.23 µg/ml) organotins and 1 (75.72%), 4 (50.2-82.3%) and 2 (least IC50 13 µg/ml) indolines, respectively. Only 5 (50.08-81.7%) hydrazides/diazoles and 9 (least IC50 6.66 µg/ml) ferrocenes were cytotoxic to THP-1 cells and lymphocytes, respectively. A total of 38 (least MIC 0.0122 µg/disc) organotins, 1 (least MIC 3.125 µg/disc) indoline, 3 (least MIC 1.5625 µg/disc) diazole/hydrazides and 17 (least MIC 0.74 µg/disc) ferrocenes demonstrated protein kinase (PK) inhibition activity in Streptomyces 85E. Next, in silico analysis of selected 36 organotin (IV) compounds, comparatively more cytotoxic to cancer cells, showed that these were druglike to mid structures, have low to high blood brain barrier penetration and human intestinal absorption (caco2 cell permeability 17.6-35.09 nm/sec) and were metabolized by phase I and phase II reactions. Organotins were also predicted to target multiple enzymes, transcription factors, receptors, transporters, ion channels and other proteins. Subsequently, in vitro cytotoxicity analysis in prostate cancer cell lines and fibroblasts provided least IC50 values of 0.17 µM (PC3M) and 1.67 µM (fibroblasts) for triphenyltin (IV); 0.63 µM (PC3M) and 0.12 µM (fibroblasts) for tributyltin (IV); 0.33 µM (PC3M) and 2.55 µM (fibroblasts) for dibutyltin (IV) and 6.06 µM (PC3M) and 4.29 µM (fibroblasts) for tribenzyltin (IV) compounds after 72 h of treatment. Eventually, in-depth study of two most active compounds namely dibutylstannanediyl (2Z,2’Z)-bis(4(benzylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (Ch-620) and triphenylstannyl 2-(benzylcarbamoyl) benzoate (Ch-319), showed that both compounds were more cytotoxic to prostate cancer and melanoma cells as compared to normal cells, restricted their colony forming capacity and migration, induced cell cycle arrest and caspase mediated apoptosis and disrupted associated regulatory proteins. Ch-620 resulted in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, upregulation of PPARα, decreased expression of SMAD4 and ITGB5 and reduced tumor proliferation as observed by proteomics, in vitro and in vivo xenograft studies. Treatment of cancer cells and transgenic Pten knockout mice with Ch-319 downregulated PI3K/Akt signaling associated with elevation of FOXO3a expression. In addition, Ch-319 decreased expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers Ncadherin and Vimentin with concomitant increase in E-cadherin in in vitro. Immunohistochemical examination of tumor sections also depicted reduction of proliferation markers. Moreover, evaluation of 78 compounds against Leishmania tropica kwh showed that 37, 5 and 1 organotin, indoline and ferrocene compounds, respectively inhibited growth of promastigotes. The selected 43 compounds predominantly organotin (IV) derivatives, halted the growth of Leishmania promastigotes partially by producing reactive oxygen species. Antileishmanial activity was reduced by 4.1-6.9 and 1.4-7.96% in triphenyltin (IV), 3.3-14.22 and 6.3-11.2% in tribenzyltin (IV), 5.2-34.38 and 1.838.2% in tributyltin (IV) and 7.9-15.7 and 5.2-15.4% in dibutyltin (IV) compounds in the presence of sodium azide and mannitol, respectively. Indolines and ferrocenes demonstrated antileishmanial activity reduction maximally in the presence of mannitol by 5.3 and 6.22%, respectively. Considering all these results, it is proposed that Ch-319 and Ch-620 have potential to be developed as anticancer agents against prostate cancer. Furthermore, organotin (IV) compounds in particular are also potent antileishmanial agents and detailed analysis on their mechanism is recommended.