The leaf rust epidemic in 1978 shifted the focus of local wheat breeders to introduce new effective leaf rust genes from exotic sources (often obtained from CIMMYT and USDA) to the local varieties. However, the rapid changes in rust causing pathogen (Puccinia triticina) warrant deploying more efficient technologies for screening, selection and development of new varieties. Hence the present study was designed to focus on screening the presently available resistant genes in local wheat varieties, find the effective leaf rust resistance genes and to suggest a pre-breeding plan to combat future leaf rust incidence. Thirty-eight wheat varieties were selected some of which are still under cultivation especially in Punjab province and therefore hold importance in the commercial market. The data thus generated after field and molecular assisted screening were verified using sensitive ABI capillary electrophoresis (ABI 3730) to differentiate the closely located alleles as an efficient method to reduce the issues generated by conventional gel electrophoresis. The screening of leaf rust resistant genes revealed the presence of: Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17, Lr26 and Lr27-Lr31 in 16, 16, 15, 16, 16 and 31 tested varieties respectively, while Lr34 also showed presence in 10 of the wheat varieties tested. The study reported absence of Lr9, Lr21 and Lr24 from the local germplasm making these genes as an appealing choice to introduce in local germplasm. Furthermore, screening of some newly mapped genes such as: Lr35, Lr46 and Lr47 showed complete absence while Lr39 was identified in 5 Pakistani varieties. The study was validated through the phenotypic data pertaining to these wheat germplasm grown under natural conditions at Regional Agriculture Research Centre, Bahawalpur (RARI) for three crop cycles (2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12). Hence, the assessed wheat varieties possessed more than one leaf rust resistant genes and showed a moderate level of resistance. The effective combinations under local conditions are: Lr14a, Lr17 and Lr26, while Lr34 has also been observed as efficient in combination with Lr10 and Lr27+Lr31. Following genes were found as the effective genetic combinations currently deployed in the field: Lr10, Lr13, L17, Lr27-31 and Lr34, Lr1, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr26, Lr27-31 and Lr34, Lr3, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17 and Lr27-31, Lr1, Lr26, Lr27-31 and Lr34, while several gaps have been identified where individual gene or gene combinations were not found in our varieties. These have been recommended for introduction in future pre-breeding programs.
ڈاکٹر ابن فرید ۸؍ مئی ۲۰۰۳ء گواردو کے ممتاز ادیب و نقاد اور اچھے افسانہ و ناول نگار ڈاکٹر ابن فرید کا انتقال ہوگیا۔ اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ ڈاکٹر ابن فرید کا اصل نام محمود مصطفےٰ صدیقی تھا، وہ ضلع بارہ بنکی میں سترکھ کے قریب کے ایک گاؤں ظفر پور میں ۲۸؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۲۵ء کو پیدا ہوئے تھے لیکن ان کی زندگی کا زیادہ حصہ علی گڑھ میں گزرا، آخر میں رام پور میں متوطن ہوگئے تھے، بیمار ہونے پر علی گڑھ میڈیکل کالج میں داخل کیے گئے، یہیں پیامِ اجل آگیا، وہاں سے ان کا جسدخاکی ان کے وطن ظفرپور لایا گیا، ۹؍ مئی کو نماز فجر کے بعد اپنے آبائی قبرستان میں سپرد خاک کردیے گئے۔ ان کے گھر کے حالات بہتر نہیں تھے، ہائی اسکول کرنے کے بعد تعلیم چھوڑ کر رائل انڈین ایر فورس میں ملازمت کرلی، یہ سلسلہ ۱۹۴۴ء سے ۱۹۴۷ء تک جاری رہا، یافت کے لحاظ سے ملازمت اچھی تھی مگر ان کو پسند نہیں تھی، وہ اپنی تعلیم جاری رکھنا چاہتے تھے، ٹیوشن سے کام چلاتے، تعلیم کا شوق انہیں علی گڑھ لے گیا، نفسیات میں داخلہ لیا، اس میں، انگریزی اور عمرانیات میں ایم۔ اے کیا، ۱۹۷۶ء میں پی۔ایچ۔ڈی کی ڈگری لی۔ علمی ذوق کی وجہ سے معلمی کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، مرکزی درس گاہ اسلامی رام پور سے تدریس کا آغاز کیا، پھر علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ تعلیمات و عمرانیات میں لکچرر ہوئے، ملک عبدالعزیز یونیورسٹی جدہ میں بھی درس و تدریس کی خدمت پر مامور رہے، ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد سکوتو یونیورسٹی نائجیریا اور بین الاقوامی یونیورسٹی ملیشیا نے ان کی خدمات حاصل کرنی چاہی مگر اپنی اور اہلیہ کی صحت کی خرابی کی وجہ سے معذرت کردی۔ مرحوم کا تعلق جماعت اسلامی ہند سے تھا، اس تحریک سے وابستگی کی وجہ سے ان...
In the history of Pakistan, three military governments ruled for a quite long period. Nonetheless, they made no stable policies for the economic development of Pakistan. As a result, Pakistan could not make progress on strong foundation. Economic policies were meant for a shorter interval. Therefore, they only resulted in cosmetic change in the economy. The results of these policies were restricted to a certain class and the public suffered from the negative impact of these policies. Public welfare got secondary importance which resulted in economic inequality. Wealth circulated within a few families. In all the three reigns, no strategy was formed for the paying of external debt. On the one hand, the salvation of Pakistan was put at stake by increasing external debt and aid while on other hand, masses suffered added direct and indirect taxes. In these conditions, common man could not fulfill his basic necessities of life. Pakistan could make considerable progress, if any of the governments might have considered Islamic principles of Islam.
The study of algebras motivated by known logics is interesting and very useful for corresponding logics. In such kinds of algebras we can introduce a natural partial order which has many interesting properties and gives decomposition of algebras into subsets called branches. In the theory of these algebras an important role plays also ideals and congruences. This thesis is devoted to study of branches and ideals of weak BCC- algebras called in China – BZ-algebras. Such algebras are strongly con- nected with a weak BIK+ -logic. Basic properties of branches and connec- tions between various types of ideals are described by using the so-called Dudek’s map. A new type of ideals are introduced and characterized. Con- nections between ideals saving some basic properties are investigated. De- compositions of weak BCC-algebras into branches are presented and it is proved that a decomposition of a weak BCC-algebra X into branches in- duces on X a congruence θ such that the quotient algebra X/θ is isomorphic to subalgebra of X containing only initial elements of X. A decomposition of a medial weak BCC-algebra into direct product of subalgebras generated by one element is presented too. Next we propose two new decompositions which are in fact two new generalizations of weak BCC-algebras. The first decomposition is a decomposition of a basic set X into a set theoretic union of two weak BCC-algebras X1 and X2 having common distinguished ele- ment. The second decomposition is a decomposition of a basic operation defined on X into two new operations in this way that these two operations save a distinguished element of X, a partial order defined on X and some basic properties of weak BCC-algebras.