The leaf rust epidemic in 1978 shifted the focus of local wheat breeders to introduce new effective leaf rust genes from exotic sources (often obtained from CIMMYT and USDA) to the local varieties. However, the rapid changes in rust causing pathogen (Puccinia triticina) warrant deploying more efficient technologies for screening, selection and development of new varieties. Hence the present study was designed to focus on screening the presently available resistant genes in local wheat varieties, find the effective leaf rust resistance genes and to suggest a pre-breeding plan to combat future leaf rust incidence. Thirty-eight wheat varieties were selected some of which are still under cultivation especially in Punjab province and therefore hold importance in the commercial market. The data thus generated after field and molecular assisted screening were verified using sensitive ABI capillary electrophoresis (ABI 3730) to differentiate the closely located alleles as an efficient method to reduce the issues generated by conventional gel electrophoresis. The screening of leaf rust resistant genes revealed the presence of: Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17, Lr26 and Lr27-Lr31 in 16, 16, 15, 16, 16 and 31 tested varieties respectively, while Lr34 also showed presence in 10 of the wheat varieties tested. The study reported absence of Lr9, Lr21 and Lr24 from the local germplasm making these genes as an appealing choice to introduce in local germplasm. Furthermore, screening of some newly mapped genes such as: Lr35, Lr46 and Lr47 showed complete absence while Lr39 was identified in 5 Pakistani varieties. The study was validated through the phenotypic data pertaining to these wheat germplasm grown under natural conditions at Regional Agriculture Research Centre, Bahawalpur (RARI) for three crop cycles (2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12). Hence, the assessed wheat varieties possessed more than one leaf rust resistant genes and showed a moderate level of resistance. The effective combinations under local conditions are: Lr14a, Lr17 and Lr26, while Lr34 has also been observed as efficient in combination with Lr10 and Lr27+Lr31. Following genes were found as the effective genetic combinations currently deployed in the field: Lr10, Lr13, L17, Lr27-31 and Lr34, Lr1, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr26, Lr27-31 and Lr34, Lr3, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17 and Lr27-31, Lr1, Lr26, Lr27-31 and Lr34, while several gaps have been identified where individual gene or gene combinations were not found in our varieties. These have been recommended for introduction in future pre-breeding programs.
محمد دین بھٹی (۱۸۸۳۔۱۹۷۵ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ اور سکاچ مشن کالج سیالکوٹ کے طالب علم اور علامہ اقبال کے ہم مکتب تھے۔ آپ مولوی میر حسن کے شاگردتھے۔ مولوی میر حسن اپنے گھر کا سودا سلف لانے کے لیے محمد دین بھٹی کو اپنے ساتھ بازار لے جایا کرتے تھے۔ منشی فاضل‘ مولوی عالم کے علاوہ ایم۔ اے انگریزی کرنے کے بعد سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ میں ۳۵۔۱۹۳۰ کے درمیان مدرس کے طور پر تقرری ہوئی۔ بعد میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں عربی‘ فارسی اور اردو کے لیکچرار تعینات ہوئے۔ محمد دین بھٹی اقبال کے ہم عصر شاعر تھے۔ آپ کا شعری مجموعہ ’’ماء معین‘‘ شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ کلام اقبال اور مولوی میر حسن کے نام سے معنون کیا گیا ہے۔(۲۰۷)راقم الحروف کی کوشش کے باوجود یہ مجموعہ کلام دریافت نہیں ہو سکا۔ نمونۂ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
کوئی پوچھے کہ کیا ہوتی ہے تقدیر۔ وہ تھی جو پہلے تھی تدبیر
اگر تدبیر ہو قاصر بہ تکمیل تو تقدیر بھی ہوتی ہے تغیر (۲۰۸)
۲۰۷۔ طلعت نثار خواجہ، ’’مرے کالج کے ادیب اساتذہ‘‘ ، مقالہ برائے ایم۔ اے اردو، لاہور ،پنجاب یونیورسٹی، ص:۳۷۰
Background and Aim: In today sports such as volleyball and basketball, Vertical Jump is considered as important component that enhance the performance of athlete. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of muscle energy technique on vertical jump performance in volleyball and basketball players.
Methodology: This Randomized Clinical Trial was conducted at Islamic International University Islamabad. Twenty-nine athletes of age 18 – 35 playing basketball and volley as part time/domestic level were included. Post isometric relaxation technique was applied on group A (n=15) and static stretching was applied on group B (n=14). Surface electromyography activity of quadriceps and abdominal muscle was recorded, Stable time, airtime and vertical jump height were measured using two-axis force platform and vertical jump height was measured by motion sensor. Measurements were taken at baseline and immediately after applying interventions to both groups. Data entry and analysis were done by using software SPSS version 22.
Results: Of the 29 athletes, 15 were in the group A and 14 were in the group B. Immediate assessment of vertical jump height was not significantly improved by post-isometric relaxation relative to static stretching (p=0.594). Muscle recruitment, ground reaction and vertical jump height improved apparently after post isometric relaxation but not significantly.
Conclusion: It appears that post isometric relaxation and static stretching of quadriceps shows no significant difference in vertical jump height.
Metric Fixed Point Theorems for Single-valued and Multi-valued Mappings The main goal of the present research is to establish existence and uniqueness theorems regarding fixed points, coincidence points and common fixed points of single-valued and multi-valued mappings in connection with contractive type inequalities in complete metric spaces and generalized metric spaces. Some notions namely generalized α*- Mizoguchi-Takahashi type contraction, generalized Mizoguchi-Takahashi G contraction and α-admissible mappings for cone metric space are also obtained. We also include an application in which we prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution for a general class of Fredholm integral equation of 2nd kind. To enhance the validity of this work some interesting examples are also furnished.