The potential of an indigenous white rot fungus Shyzophylum commune IBL-06 for the production of ligninolytic enzymes in solid state fermentation of banana stalk was investigated. The production process was further improved by optimizing some physical parameters (incubation time, moisture level, pH, temperature, inoculums size) and nutritional factors (carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon: nitrogen ratio, mediators and metal ions). By optimization of different parameters the maximum activities of enzyme synthesized by S. Commune IBL-06 were 3745 IU/mL of MnP, 2700 IU/mL of LiP and 345 IU/mL of Laccase after 3 days incubation at рH 4.5 and 35°C temperature with inoculum size, 3mL; moisture content, 60%; C: N ratio, 20:1(glucose and ammonium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen supplements), 1mM MnSO4 as mediator, 1mL and 1.25mM MgSO4 .7H2Oa, 1mL. The enzymes produced under optimum conditions were purified by (NH4SO4)2 precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzymes were run on SDS-PAGE and characterized through kinetic studies. The purified MnP was a monomeric protein with mass of 40 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for MnP were 5 and 40°C with 0.29 mM KM and 450mM/min Vmax using MnSO4 as substrate. The enzyme was activated by 1mM CuSO4 but was inhibited by CaCl2, EDTA, TEMED, β- Marcaptoethanol, AgNO3 and Pb(NO3)2. The molecular weight of purified LiP was 43KDa and it displayed a single band on SDS-PAGE. LiP showed optimum pH 5.0, optimum temperature, 35°C; KM, 0.5 mM and Vmax, 400 mM/min using varatryl alcohol as substrate. The enzyme was inhibited by CuSO4, MnSO4, CaCl2, EDTA, TEMED, β-Marcaptoethanol, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2. Molecular mass of Laccase was 63 kDa and it had optimum рH 6.0, optimum temperature 40°C, KM value 0.25mM and Vmax 80mM/min using ABTS as substrate. The laccase activity was enhanced by 2mM CuSO4, and was inhibited by MnSO4, CaCl2, EDTA, TEMED, β-Marcaptoethanol, AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2. Crude ligninase extract decoulorized Novasol direct blue dye to 80%, followed by Novasol direct yellow dye to 60%, Novasol direct red to 38% and Novasol direct black to 37%. The effluent from Magna textile industry was maximally decolorized to 87% in 24 hours, followed by effluents from Crescent, Arzoo and Chenab textile industries. S. Commune IBL-06 produced high activities of MnP and LiP having higher catalytic activities as compared to most of the previously reported enzymes.
’’ہائے ہائے‘‘ تے ’’اوئی اوئی‘‘ دیاں کوکاں سن کے، متھے تے چٹی پٹی بنھی ویکھ کے، سجا ہویا منہ سامنے والے دو دند ٹتے ہوئے تے لت اتے پلتر بنھیا ہویا ویکھ کے تسیں میرے کولوں ایہہ ضرور پچھو گے جے مینوں ہویا کیہ اے۔ کل تک تے چنگا بھلا ساں۔
میرے بھراؤ! ہویا کجھ وی نئیں تہاڈیاں ساریاں گلاں دا جواب ایہہ وے پئی ہویا صرف اینا جے پچھلے کچھ دناں توں ساڈے اتے ایہہ گل ظاہر ہوئی۔ پئی ساڈے وچ اک اچا تے سچا لیڈر بنن دیاں ساریاں خوبیاں موجود نیں ایہناں وچوں ساریاں توں چنگی خوبی ساڈے اپنے خیال وچ ایہہ سی بھئی ساڈے وچ حق دی گل کہن دی صلاحیت اﷲ میاں نے لوڑ توں ودھ بھردتی اے۔ اسیں اپنی ایس خوبی نوں بڑا ای گھٹ ورتیا سی۔ اسیں ایہہ فیصلہ کیتا جے اگوں توں جدوں ویلا لبھیا اپنی ایس خوبی نوں جی داراں وانگوں ورتاں گے۔
ساریاں توں پہلاں تے سانوں اپنی ایہہ خو بی جگ نوں وکھاون د اموقعہ اک سینما وچ ملیا۔ فلم نویں سی تے بھیڑ بہتی سی۔ اسیں ٹکٹ لے کے اک پاسے کھلو گئے کیوں جے ہالی پہلا...
‘Abdullah bin al-Mubark was born in Marw’ one of the prime cities in Khurasan, (nowadays in the surroundings of Afghanistan and Central Asia), in the year 118 AH. In addition to his many talents, achievements and abilities, ‘Abdullah bin al-Mubarak was also gifted in literacy, particularly in the art of poetry. He held an eloquent tongue which was recognized by all who conversed with him and his language displayed the nature of someone who had been taught well. Most of the poetry which has been recorded from him is actually his advice to others, whether they were close friends or high-ranking Caliphs and Rulers. The topics spoken of concerned the common issues which had arisen in his time (e.g. Matters pertaining to theology, politics, the worldview, the community etc) and as always, they contained much wisdom and hence the books of history have sealed them and recorded them. This research article discussed Biography of Abdullah ibn Al Mubarak, The Islamic Ethics in his poetry, Impact of Rhetoric on his poetry with special concentration on the four kinds i.e. Citation, impact of Quranic words, Quranic pictorial and Quranic style on his poetry.
Hospitals play a vital role in health and well being of humans. However the biomedical waste generated by hospitals pose a serious threat to public health and environment due to their high potential of disease transmission through spread of pathogenic bacterial strains from hospitals dumpsites by any mode of contact. Therefore methods for the analysis of microbial diversity in the environmental samples surrounding the hospitals? dumpsites are required for better understanding of Hospitals Acquired Infections (HAI) transmission. Metagenomics provides solution to this problem through availability of methods that allows the isolation of those microbial DNA from environment that cannot be cultured and hence their role has never been studied in transmission of HAIs. This research study is objected to the investigation of microbial diversity present in the soil surrounding the dumpsites of hospitals in order to construct a profile of bacterial communities present in natural environment of hospitals that may potentially be involved in transmission of HAIs. In this research study the microbial diversity of soil samples taken from 10 different hospital?s waste dumpsites was examined. Direct DNA extraction is performed by using Metagenomic approach with the objective of isolation of not only cultured but un-cultured bacterial communities as well. PCR was carried out for all samples for detection of 16S rRNA gene. Amplified DNA is directed to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After sequencing the Phylogenetic analysis is performed through Phylogenetic tree rendering for the analysis of evolutionary relatedness of extracted bacterial sequences among themselves and with their possible closest species. The results of this research study have provided with the profile of bacterial species present in the soils surrounding the hospitals? dumping sites and also their evolutionary relatedness with other bacterial species. The results provided by this study have promising contribution in investigation of microbial communities present in hospitals environments and their potential involvement in transmission of HAIs suggests the need of strategies and protocols for proper disposal of biomedical wastes generated by hospitals.