The aims of this dissertation was to evaluate chemical and biological treatment methods to remove and degrade lignin from agriculture waste biomass for increasing the yield of biogas and biohydrogen. In chemical treatment approach, three alkali reagents at various dosages: NaOH (1-5%), KOH (1-5%), and Ca(OH)2 (0.5%) and three different heating processes, water bath, autoclave and short time microwave were tested for 10 different agriculture substrate. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed visible degradation on the alkalies treated surface of biomass as compared to the untreated biomass. Additionally, disapperance and emergence of new peaks were observed in treated substrates using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Microwave heating with 2% NaOH treated substrates showed more total biogas yield as compared to other treatment conditions. The Ca(OH)2 (0.5%) soaking of corn cob for 7, 15, and 30 days incubation was tested. The highest cumulative biogas was 360.5 NmL/gVS, 3-times higher than the cumulative biogas produced from the untreated corn cob 115.1 NmL/gVS. For biological treatment of waste material, 27 ligninolytic bacteria were isolated from soil, wood compost, and waste sludge. Seven of the most active strains were selected. The optimum yields of lignin peroxidase and laccase were achieved at pH 3-5. The co-cultures demonstrated 2.5 times more rice straw lignin degradation than using single culture. Likewise, the greatest enhancements of cumulative methane yield (70-76%) occurred from co-cultures treated rice straw as compared to individual culture. To produce biohydrogen and biomethane separatly in batch fermentation, 20 ligninolytic Bacillus sp. strains were isolated from granular sludge of full scale anaerobic digester. Among them, four ligninolytic Bacillus sp. strains were selected based on their lignin and Azure B degradation. Brevibacillus agri AN-3 exhibited the highest decrease in COD (88.4%) of lignin and (78.1%) of Azure B. Brevibacillus agri AN-3 showed hydrogen (H2) yield of 1.34 and 2.9 mol-H2/mol from xylose and cellulose respectively. In two-phase wheat straw batch fermentation, Brevibacillus agri AN-3 produced 72.5 and 125.5 NmL/gVS cumulative H2 and methane (CH4) respectively. It was perceived that using ligninolytic Bacillus sp. strains, 48.6% more methane yield could be obtained xx from the wheat straw than using the untreated wheat straw in batch fermentation. A consolidating bioprocessing of recombinantecombinantecombinant ecombinant ecombinant NeurosporaNeurosporaNeurospora NeurosporaNeurospora crassa F5 strain was used for saccharification of wheat straw (WS) to increase the biogas production. The WS was pretreated with 2% NaOH followed by 2,4, and 6 days hydrolysis with N. cN. c N. crassa F5 strain at 28±1℃ and 200 rpm using 0.5 g/L glucose in Vogel media. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a visible change on the surface structure of the pretreated WS as compared to the untreated WS. The 2,4 and 6 days N. crassa F5 saccharified WS was used for biomethane potential (BMP) analysis using automatic methane potential testing system (AMPTS). A maximum cumulative biogas of 700.8 mL/gVS was obtained from 2% NaOH pretreated WS followed by 2 days N. crassa F5 treatment. The recombinant ecombinant ecombinant ecombinant ecombinant N. cN. c N. crassa F5 treated WS produced daily biogas which was 6-fold higher per day and 339.3% more in cumulative volume than the untreated WS sample. Finally, a single culture was tested for the potential of biohydrogen from Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW). One hundred and twenty bacterial strains were isolated from heat-treated granular sludge of a full scale anaerobic digester. The best hydrolytic strains were assessed for H2 production from glucose and soluble starch. Two Bacillus sp. strains, namely F2.5 and F2.8, exhibited high H2 yields and were used as pure culture to convert OFMSW into hydrogen. The strains produced up to 61 mL of H2 per grams of volatile solids and could be considered as good candidates towards the development of industrially relevant H2-producing inoculants. This was the first successful application of pure microbial cultures in bio-hydrogen production from OFMSW.
اردو کے اہم مدونین (امتیاز علی عرشی) امتیاز علی خان عرشی کا امتیاز یہ ہے کہ انہوں نے اردو ادب کو تحقیق کے آداب و رموز سے آشنا کیا۔ تحشیہ و تدوین کا معیار قائم کیا اور اپنی تحقیقی کاوشوں سے ادب کو بیش بہا تصانیف سے روشناس کروایا۔ان کی تدوین، تحقیق کے تازہ واردان کی رہبری اور رہنمائی کرتی اور انہیں اس فن کے اصولوں سے آگاہ کرتی ہے۔بہت سی کتابوں کو عرشی نے نئی زندگی عطا کی اور اردو تدوین کو اعتبار بخشا۔امتیاز علی عرشی ۸ دسمبر۱۹۰۴ء کو رام پور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ملازمت کی بھی تو علم و ادب سے وابستہ رہے۔ فروری ۱۹۸۱ء میں رام پور میں انتقال کیا۔آپ کی اہم تصنیف مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: • مکاتیب غالب • نظام نامہ • ترجمہ مجالس رنگین • انتخاب غالب • نادرات شاہی از شاہ عالم • سلک گوہر از انشاء • کہانی رانی کیتکی کی از انشاء دیوان غالب: تحقیق میں امتیاز علی عرشی کا خاص کارنامہ ان کی قابل قدر تدوین و ترتیب ہے۔ اختلافات نسخ، جعلی نسخوں ، تصحیح متن، حوالوں کی جانچ پڑتال اور تحقیقی مواد کی فراہمی کا ان میں ایک خاص سلیقہ موجود ہے۔ غالبیات کے ماہر کی حیثیت سے ان کے تحقیقی اور علمی کارنامے ناقابل فراموش ہیں۔غالبیات کے ماہر ہونے کے علاوہ امتیاز علی عرشی نے دوسرے موضوعات پر بھی قلم اٹھایا ہے۔ غالب کے علاوہ عرشی نے انشاء اور سعادت یار خان رنگین کے کلام اور ان کے ادبی اکتباسات سے بھی دل چسپی لی ہے۔عرشی کے علم کا دائرہ بہت وسیع تھا۔انہوں نے تاریخ سے بھی دل چسپی لی اور اس کے پس منظر میں ادب کی نشوونما کا جائزہ لینے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ حافظ محمود شیرانی اگر اردو تحقیق کے معلم اول ہیں تو معلم ثانی صرف اور صرف امتیاز علی خان...
Background and Aim: To compare the effects of mulligan rotational movement and medial gapping technique on pain, range of motion and disability in knee osteoarthritis patients.
Methodology: This study was a Randomized Clinical Trial. The data was collected using a convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from Jinnah Hospital Lahore, from 15th December – 30th June 2022.36 subjects (males and females) were recruited in two groups. The first group received Mobilization with movement along with a conservative treatment protocol. The second group received the Medial gapping technique along with conservative treatment protocol. Each group was treated for four weeks in which three sessions per week were given. Numeric pain rating scale and the disability index were used as outcome measures. Data was analyzed through statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 25.
Results: Within-group comparison by paired t-test showed the p-value was significant <.05, indicating that both treatment was effective in improving symptoms. Between groups, comparison by independent t-test showed that Mulligan Mobilization Technique is more effective than the medial gapping technique in improving pain disability and quality of life.
Conclusion: The study concluded that Mulligan Mobilization Technique provides more clinical benefits regarding pain, disability and range of motion in osteoarthritis patients than Medial Gapping Technique.
In Chapter 1, some basic definitions and results from commutative algebra are given. In Chapter 2, we study the behavior of Stanley decompositions under the opera- tion of localization with respect to a variable. We prove how prime filtrations behave under localization. We observe that pretty clean filtrations under localization are still pretty clean filtrations. In Chapter 3, we introduce the concept of Stanley decompositions in the local- ized polynomial ring Sf where f is a product of variable, and show that Sf has a canonical Stanley decomposition and that the Stanley depth does not decrease upon localization. Furthermore it is shown that for monomial ideals J ⊂ I ⊂ Sf , the number of maximal Stanley spaces in a Stanley decomposition of I/J is an invariant of I/J. We also introduce the Hilbert series of Zn -graded K-vector space.