The present exploration was an attempt to investigate the therapeutic potential of mango peel extract and isolated mangiferin based functional/nutraceutical drinks against lifestyle related disorders. For the purpose, five different mango peels namely chaunsa, anwar ratol, langra, dusahri and desi were nutritionally characterized followed by mangiferin isolation & quantification, product development and lastly the bioevaluation trial to evaluate resultant drinks for the management of hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. The nutritional analysis indicated that mango peel is a good source of moisture, protein and minerals. Amongst tested mango peels, ethanolic extract of chaunsa exhibited the highest TPC (75.35±3.96 mg/100g GAE), DPPH (59.28±3.69%) and β-carotene (57.33±4.14%) activities however, FRAP value (7.88±0.19 mmol/100g) was maximum in the acetone extract of chaunsa peel. The HPLC quantification of isolated mangiferin showed variations from chaunsa (5.53±0.31 mg/g) to desi peel (3.19±0.17 mg/g). In case of solvents, ethanolic extract yielded maximum mangiferin 5.25±0.01 mg/g followed by acetone 4.29±0.19 mg/g and water extract 3.44±0.21 mg/g. Besides, isolated mangiferin from chaunsa peel had the higher DPPH (77.22±3.96%), β-carotene (74.63±3.69%) and FRAP (12.30±0.24 mmol/100g) activities. During product development segment, three types of drinks containing whole mango peel (T 1 ), mangiferin (T 2 ) alongside control (T 0 ) were prepared for comparison purpose. The formulated drinks were subjected to physicochemical analysis during two month storage that imparts substantial effect on pH and acidity whereas total soluble solids (TSS) affected non-momentously. Sensory scores of the prepared functional drinks decreased with the passage of time however, the scores were remained within acceptable range during storage. In the bioevaluation trial, male sprague dawley rats were involved. Accordingly, three types of studies were designed i.e. study I (normal rats), study II (hypercholesterolemic rats) and study III (diabetic rats). The bioefficacy trial was repeated for validity of the results. The body weights of rats were affected significantly due to functional drinks in all studies. The mangiferin supplemented drink (T 2 ) imparted maximum decrease in cholesterol level during study II and III by 12.85 & 12.25% and 10.01 & 9.91% whilst for LDL by 14.52 & 15.21% and 10.21 & 11.25%, respectively (trial 1 & 2). Similarly, HDL and triglycerides levels were also affected momentously by the functional drinks in study II and III. The diminution in serum glucose and improvement in insulin level of the rats are the indicators showing the positive impact of mango peel polyphenols especially mangiferin based functional drink. In this context, mangiferin based functional drink (T 2 ) showed better performance for glucose reduction 8.36 & 7.92% and 13.09 & 14.26% however, 4.01 & 4.65% and 7.15 & 7.98% enhancement for insulin was observed in study II & III (trial 1 & 2). Furthermore, glutathione level was improved and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level was reduced by the therapeutic drinks. The normal ranges of liver and kidney function tests as well as hematological attributes proved the safety of resultant drinks. From the present investigation, it is concluded that drinks supplemented with mango peel polyphenols and mangiferin are effective to attenuate various metabolic syndromes.
Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP remained in office from 23 April 1953 to 18 July 1955. He belonged to the police cadre of the province and was inspector general at the time of his appointment. He was not a politician and never thought of becoming the chief minister of the province. Nevertheless he performed his duties well. It was during Sardar Rashid period that One Unit scheme was adopted. It integrated all the provinces and other units of West Pakistan into a single province. The plan was initially supported by him. Later on, as promises made to him were not fulfilled, he developed differences with the central authorities for which he was removed from his post. ______
Multimedia applications are becoming increasingly significant in modern world. The mushroom growth of multimedia data of these applications, particularly over the web has increased the demand for protection of copyright. Digital watermarking is much more acceptable as a solution to the problem of copyright protection and authentication of multimedia data while working in a networked environment. In this thesis a DWT based watermarking scheme is proposed. Wavelet transform is used because it has a number of advantages over other transforms, such as DCT. · It has multi-resolution hierarchical characteristics, and lower resolution embedding and detection which are computationally inexpensive. · The presentation of the image because of the hierarchical multi-resolution properties of the transformation is well-suited for applications where the multimedia data is transmitted regularly, as such in the application of video systems, or applications in real time. · Wavelet transform is closer to HVS contrast to DCT. For this reason, the range of artifacts introduced by wavelet is less infuriating as compared to DCT. For better imperceptibility, the watermarking technique should support a vision model which integrates various masking effects of the Human Visual System (HVS), to embed watermark in an invisible manner. For HVS we have used Watson’s Perceptual Model of JPEG2000. The basic aim of perceptual coding is, to conceal the watermark below the detection threshold. This can be obtained by making use of the HVS and JND threshold. The watermarking technique based on this model resists all types of common signal processing operations and many geometric attacks but unfortunately was not resistant against rotation. Keeping in mind this we explored Morton scanning. Morton scanning is used to