Exploration of new microbial organisms from diverse environment and different geographical locations has turned pivotal for the production of industrially important extracellular enzymes. Amyloglucosidase is an important hydrolase that is used in various industries for the bioconversion of starch. Current study is an attempt to produce higher titers of amyloglucosidase from indigenously isolated filamentous fungi. Preliminary screening showed that maximum amyloglucosidase production was achieved after optimization of conditions for Aspergillus fumigatus KIBGE-IB33 which was identified on the basis of molecular phylogeny and taxonomy. The cultivation of isolate and production of amyloglucosidase was enhanced by manipulating different parameters and maximum yield was attained at 30°C in starch containing medium (pH-7.0) after 04 days of fermentation. In case of chemical parameters, potato starch (10.0gL-1), yeast extract (10.0gL-1) and peptone (5.0gL-1) were found to be suitable carbon and nitrogen sources. Gradient precipitation method was performed for partial purification of amyloglucosidase which resulted in approximately 6.3 times purification. The kinetic properties of amyloglucosidase suggested that maximum catalysis of starch was observed in 50 mM citrate buffer of pH-5.0 at 60°C after 05 minutes with Vmax and Km values of 947 kU mg-1 and 1.417 mg ml-1, respectively. Amyloglucosidase retained approximately 50% of its activity when exposed at 60°C after 04 hours suggesting its thermostable nature. Storage of amyloglucosidase at 37°C and 4°C showed 30% and 62% of residual activity after 40 days. Na+, K+ and Ca+2 enhanced the activity of amyloglucosidase while, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ were found to be the inhibitors of this enzyme. Isopropanol (10 mM) was observed as an activator while, 100 mM concentration of DMSO, chloroform and formaldehyde acted as inhibitors of amyloglucosidase after 02 hours. Nonionic detergents (tween-80 and triton-X100) showed no effect on catalytic activity of enzyme however, anionic detergents (EDTA and SDS) exhibited negative effect on its activity. Native-PAGE and In situ electrophoresis revealed that the apparent molecular weight of amyloglucosidase was approximately 175 kDa. End product of amyloglucosidase was analyzed using thin layer chromatography. Amyloglucosidase was further immobilized using different strategies. Among them, the carrier free cross linking proved to be the most suitable condition for immobilization of amyloglucosidase with percent recovery of 94% followed by chitosan (85%) > agar-agar (80%) > alginate (66%). Catalytic efficiency of amyloglucosidase was slightly changed after immobilization as pH of amyloglucosidase shifts from pH-5.0 to 6.0 in case of alginate and CLEAs while, temperature optima increased 5 degrees from 60°C to 65°C in all except in case of alginate. Activation energy decreased after immobilization due to which stability of amyloglucosidase increased at higher temperatures for longer time period as compared to soluble enzyme. Kinetic behavior (Km and Vmax) of enzyme also changed in carrier bound strategies due to mass transfer limitations whereas, no effect was observed in CLEAs. Results of recycling studies showed that covalently bounded amyloglucosidase retained more enzymatic activities even after 15 cycles as compared to the entrapped enzyme that lost their activities within 10 cycles. In a nut shell, current research demonstrates successful improvement in the kinetic behavior as well as stability of immobilized amyloglucosidase as compared to soluble enzyme. Thus it can be anticipated that immobilized amyloglucosidase can be used in different industrial sectors.
مولوی محمد بہادر خاں (سابق نواب بہادر یارجنگ) افسوس کہ گذشتہ مہینہ کی ۲۴؍ تاریخ کو مولوی محمد بہادر خاں (سابق نواب بہادر یار جنگ) نے حرکت قلب بند ہوجانے سے دفعتہ انتقال کیا، ان کی ناگہانی وفات نہ صرف حیدرآباد بلکہ ہندوستان کے تمام مسلمانوں کے لیے اندوہناک سانحہ ہے، مرحوم حیدرآباد کے ایک قدیم و ممتاز جاگیردار خانوادہ کے رکن، مخلص، دردمند اور علمی مسلمان، زبان آور خطیب، ریاست کے سچے وفادار، مسلمانوں کے غمگسار اور عام اہل ملک کے ہمدرد وبہی خواہ تھے، حیدرآباد کی ہر مفید اسلامی تحریک میں ان کا دست اعانت شامل رہتا تھا، وہ مجلس اتحاد المسلمین کے روحِ رواں اور آل انڈیا ریاستی مسلم لیگ کے بانی اور صدر تھے، ابھی کل ۴۱ سال کی عمر تھی جو قومی زندگی کے اعتبار سے بالکل نوجوانی کی عمر ہے، اس عمر میں مرحوم نے حیدرآباد کے مسلمانوں کی جو گوناگوں خدمات انجام دیں وہ کبھی فراموش نہ ہوں گی، اور اہل دکن کو مدتوں ان کا بدل نہ مل سکے گا، ملک و قوم کی خدمت کی خاطر انہوں نے اپنا خطاب اور جاگیرتک واپس کردی تھی، ان کی ذات سے بڑی توقعات تھیں،لیکن افسوس ان کی جوانمرگی سے اہل دکن کو ان کی صلاحیتوں اور خدمات سے فائدہ اٹھانے کا زیادہ موقع نہ مل سکا، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس مخلص خادم قوم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت کے انعام سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۴۴ء) اگست ۱۹۴۴ء ایک بہادر مسلمان کی موت چار پانچ ہفتے ہوئے میں ایک گاؤں میں تھا کہ دفعتہ ایک صاحب نے ایک انگریزی اخبار کے حوالہ سے نواب بہادر یار جنگ کی اچانک موت کی اطلاع دی، موت ہر وقت آتی ہے، اور ہر وقت آسکتی ہے، تاہم جن کے مرنے کو دل نہیں چاہتا، ان کے مرنے کی خبر کا یقین...
This research paper will discuss the position of khula in case of without husband's consent or with husband's consent. All jurists and scholars unanimously said that khula is purely a transaction between husband and wife and which entirely depends upon them. Neither party is to compel to another party to implement khula. There should and must be basically hatred or aversion on the part of one or both of the parties pertaining to a strong wish to annul the marriage contract or any other feeling to produce such an effect. The present study is aimed to focus exceptional position of women in Islamic jurisprudence in order to formulate certain conditions of khula and its implementations. Conditions have been made clear in Islamic jurisprudence. In case of without consent of husband, the jurists have difference of opinion. If husband is not ready to give his consent, judiciary can give unilateral decision without his consent
The thesis comprises two parts, A and B. Part A deals with the analysis and quantification of medicinally important essential oil, by mass spectrometry method while, the part B describes the chemical studies on cladode of Opuntia dillenii. A short summary on the biosynthesis of steroids, flavonoids, fatty acids and terpenoids are also included in the thesis. Part A This part explains the chemical constituents and their quantification of medicinally important components of extracts on Ixora fulgens, I. coccinea (yellow and orange color flowers), I. polyantha, I. chinensis, Ipomoea batata (blackie), I. batata pink frost, and Cassia fistula, by mass spectrometry method. GC and GC-MS studies were carried out on extracts of different parts especially flowers, leaves and stalks of the plants which led to the identification of 230 chemical compounds from hexane extracts, 324 chemical compounds were identified from chloroform extract of Ixora species. Moreover, 26 metabolites were characterized from methanol extracts of Ixora chinensis flowers extract. From Ipomoea species, 106 chemical compounds were identified from hexane extracts, while, 72 compounds were identified from chloroform extract of the plant. Moreover, 57 phytochemicals were identified from hexane extract, whereas, 51 metabolites were identified from chloroform extracts of C. fistula plant. Different class of compounds were identified from this extracts including hydrocarbons, long chain fatty acids and their esters, alcohols, aromatic acids and their esters, terpenes and vitamins. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities have also been carried out from all the above mentioned extracts. Part B Total thirteen different fractions of vaccum liquid chromatography (VLC) of antidepressant butanol phase of Opuntia dillenii were selected for chemical analysis. For this purpose GC and GC-MS studies were carried out, which led to the identification of 409 chemical compounds.