Okra is a promising vegetable crop famous in many countries for its young, green and tender fruits which are used for edible purpose. Diversity exists among okra genotypes for their growth and yield related traits. Moreover, growth and yield of okra is also affected by several factors; availability of nutrients, their uptake and irrigation are important besides the environmental factors. A study was conducted to investigate the variation among local and exotic okra genotypes using morphological markers and heritability studies, potassium uptake and use efficiency under normal and water deficit conditions. For this purpose, three experiments were conducted. In 1st experiment, 24 genotypes were raised till maturity in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and each replication comprised of fifteen plants. Morphological, yield and quality related traits were noticed and huge variation was observed among genotypes for traits related to yield of okra. Interestingly, heritability parameters including genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation (GCV and PCV) as well as broad sense heritability (H2) confirmed that most of the studied characters including plant height, number of leaves, days to flowering, internodal length, fruiting span and fruit number, length, girth and weight as well as fruit yield plant-1 were genetically controlled, which indicated that selection of desired traits can be effective for crop improvement of okra. 2nd experiment was executed with 24 local and exotic okra genotypes with four different levels of potash (0 kg ha-1 MOP, 75 kg ha-1 MOP, 150 kg ha-1 MOP, 225 kg ha-1 MOP) in RCBD factorial arrangement with three replications, to assess the effect of potash on growth indices and potassium uptake as well as potassium use efficiency. Significant differences were noticed for measured growth indices and potassium uptake among okra genotypes at varying levels of applied potassium. All growth related traits were improved by potash application upto 150 Kg ha-1 MOP, but further increase in potash did not result in significant enhancement of growth attributes. GCV, PCV and H2 showed significant variation in genotypes for their potassium uptake and use efficiency. High heritability for studied traits depicted that breeding for potassium use efficiency is possible on the basis of identified promising genotypes (Rama Krishna, Ikra-02 and Line Brand, Ikra-04). In 3rd experiment, 24 okra genotypes were assessed for their genetic potential to tolerate deficit irrigation. Three levels of irrigation including, full irrigation (control), 25% deficit irrigation and 50% deficit irrigation, were provided under field conditions. This experiment was executed in RCBD factorial arrangement with three replications. Significant differences were noticed among different okra genotypes for their tolerance to deficit irrigation. Although, 50% deficit irrigation severely reduced the growth indices, but these reductions were less in tolerant genotypes (Rama Krishna, Ikra-02, Line Brand, Ikra-04 ) as compared to sensitive ones. Leaf relative water contents of tolerant genotypes were high even under 50% deficit irrigation as compared to sensitive okra genotypes. Antioxidant activity, proline and total soluble sugars were increased in genotypes under deficit irrigation treatments but this increase was significantly higher in tolerant genotypes as compared to sensitive ones. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were also adversely affected due to deficit irrigation. However, N, P and K concentration was high in tolerant genotypes even at 50% deficit irrigation. High values of GCV and H2 were observed for most of the characters at 50% deficit irrigation level, which showed that selection is effective for desirable traits of okra under severe deficit irrigation to develop high yielding drought tolerant okra genotypes through effective selection and breeding.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
98:01 a. Those who disbelieve from among the Followers of the Former Scriptures and the idol- worshipers, b. will not give up their disbelief until a Clear Evidence was presented to them,
98:02 a. through a Messenger from Allah, reciting purified scripts, and
98:03 a. containing clear instructions for them.
98:04 a. Yet those who were given the former Scriptures did not challenge and become divided into factions until after this kind of Clear Evidence came to them.
98:05 a. Even though all they were commanded to: - submit to Allah alone in awe, reverence, and worship, - sincerely devote religion exclusively to HIM, being Haneef, and - establish the Salat/Prayers and - pay out Zakat/annual charity b. for that is/are the parameters of a Religion – Right and Straight.
98:06 a. Indeed, those who continue to disbelieve – even after Clear Evidence has come to them - from Followers of the Former Scriptures and the idol-worshipers will be in the Fire of Hell - there to remain - never to leave, never to die. b. Those - they will be the worst of created beings.
98:07 a. However, those who believe and practice righteousness, b. those - they will be the best of created beings.
Surah 98 * Al-Bayyinah 749
98:08 a. Their reward is going to be with their Rabb - The Lord: b. Gardens of Perpetual Bliss - through which rivers/streams flow - to live therein forever, never to leave, never...
ركزت الدراسة على التسويق الداخلي بإعتباره يهتم بصورة أساسية بالعملاء الداخليين من موظفين وعاملين من خلال تحقيق رغباتهم ومطالبهم، لضمان الوصول لأفضل حالات الرضا، وبالتالي أجود أداء ممكن. هدفت الدراسة لمعرفة العلاقة بين التدريب والرضا الوظيفي، ومعرفة تأثير تمكين العاملين على تحقق الرضا الوظيفي، كذلك معرفة مدي وجود ارتباط بين فرق العمل و تأثير الدعم الإداري على الرضا الوظيفي. واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، والتاريخي، بالإضافة للمنهج الإحصائى. من أهم نتائج الدراسة إن عدم ملائمة ومواكبة التسويق الداخلي للبيئة السودانية قد يساهم فى قلة الاهتمام بتحقق الرضا الوظيفي. وأوصت الدراسة بالإهتمام بملائمة ومواكبة أساليب التسويق الداخلي للبيئة السودانية للمتغيرات الخارجية لزيادة الرضا الوظيفي وبالتالي ضمان كفاءة الأداء.
The thesis consists of two parts. The part-I deals with the synthesis of γ-ketoesters using succinic anhydride as a starting material. The part-II is about extraction, isolation, purification and characterization of the chemical constituents from Coriandrum sativum Linn (Umbelliferae). It is an established fact that γ-ketoesters and their precursors are valuable synthons in synthetic organic chemistry. These intermediates have potential applications in the preparation of compounds of significant importance. In view of the important applications of γ-ketoesters, a three-step reaction approach has been employed for their synthesis via acid catalyzed ring opening of succinic anhydride with substituted benzyl alcohols. Step-1: Sixty (1-60) new monoesters of succinic acid were prepared using succinic anhydride and alcohols and toluene as a solvent. The catalyst employed was p-toluene sulfonic acid. Step-2: In this step the prepared monoesters on treatment with thionyl chloride were converted to corresponding acid chlorides (1a-60a). Step-3: Finally, using diethyl cadmium reagent, acid chlorides obtained in the step-2 were converted into corresponding novel γ-ketohexanoates (1b-60b). Diethyl cadmium was prepared by employing ethyl magnesium bromide and cadmium bromide. The final products were characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR (1H and C) 1D and 2D, COSY-45°, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC, NOE, ROESY, NOESY, mass spectrometry etc. Monoesters (1-29) were screened for biological activity against three fungi and three bacteria following disk diffusion protocol for inhibition zones and agar dilution method for minimum inhibitory concentrations. Their structure activity relationship is also discussed. All of the monoesters except nitro substituted were found to be active against fungi and bacteria. In Part-II seeds of Coriandrum sativum Linn (Umbelliferae) were hydrodistilled for essential oil and the obtained oil was analyzed by gas chromatograogy for its components. β-Linalool with retention time 16.575 min and %age 79.86 was identified as major component by GC-MS. The obtained essential oil was subjected to antifungal and antibacterial activity. Inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against fungi and bacteria were assessed. Results of these experiments showed that the essential oil was active against investigated microbes. The whole plant (seeds, leaves, stems, flowers) was extracted in 95% aqueous MeOH. The methanolic extract on solvent fractionation and repeated column chromatography on silica gel afforded a bio-active fraction. The fraction on repeated chromatotrax preparative TLC yielded most active fraction which under HPLC RP-18 fractionation afforded thirteen (1-13) compounds. According to our knowledge, since compounds 1-5 have not been reported earlier from plant kingdom and hence can be declared as new entities. The obtained compounds 1-13 were subjected to antifungal and antibacterial activity. Inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against fungi and bacteria were assessed. For isolates (6-13), cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, and SW-480) was probed. IC50 of compounds 6-13 against human cancer cell lines HL-60 were also assessed. Compounds (1-3, 6- 13) displayed antimicrobial and cytotoxicity against used human cell lines. Among the tetra-hydroxysaponins (6-9) displayed IC50 =1.37± 0.02, 1.29 ± 0.02, 1.28 ± 0.02, and 1.07 ± 0.02, respectively, and compounds 10-13 displayed significant activity with IC50=1.27± 0.02, 1.02 ± 0.02, 1.02 ± 0.02, and 0.87 ± 0.02, respectively, standard (acarbose) showed IC50 0.82 μM. Structure and relative configuration of the compounds 1-13 was established after recording and analysis of spectroscopic data such as IR, 1D-NMR and 2D NMR (COSY-45, HOHAHA, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY) and mass measurements. The data revealed that isolated compounds are oleane triterpenoids and named as: 1-Oxo-11,21-dihydroxyoleane (1), 1-Oxo-11- hydroxy-21-O-acetyloleane (2), 1-Oxo-11-hydroxy-21-O-angeloyloleane (3), 1-Oxo-11-O-angelo yl-21-O-acetyloleane (4), 1-Oxo-11,21-O-dibenzoyloleane (5), 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 2α,3α, 19α,24-tetrahydroxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (6), 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 2β,3α,19α,24-tetrahydroxy- 12-ene-oleaenoate (7), 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 2α,3β,19α,24-tetrahydroxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (8), 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 2β,3β,19α,24-tetrahydroxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (9), 28-β-D-Glucopyrano- syl 2β,3β,19α,24-tetrahydroxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (10), 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 2α-O-acetyl ,3α,19α,24-tetrahydroxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (11), 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 3α-O-acetyl,2α,19α,24- tetrahydroxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (12) and 28-β-D-Glucopyranosyl 19α-O-acetyl,2α,3α,24-tetrahy- droxy-12-ene-oleaenoate (13).