Okra is a promising vegetable crop famous in many countries for its young, green and tender fruits which are used for edible purpose. Diversity exists among okra genotypes for their growth and yield related traits. Moreover, growth and yield of okra is also affected by several factors; availability of nutrients, their uptake and irrigation are important besides the environmental factors. A study was conducted to investigate the variation among local and exotic okra genotypes using morphological markers and heritability studies, potassium uptake and use efficiency under normal and water deficit conditions. For this purpose, three experiments were conducted. In 1st experiment, 24 genotypes were raised till maturity in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and each replication comprised of fifteen plants. Morphological, yield and quality related traits were noticed and huge variation was observed among genotypes for traits related to yield of okra. Interestingly, heritability parameters including genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation (GCV and PCV) as well as broad sense heritability (H2) confirmed that most of the studied characters including plant height, number of leaves, days to flowering, internodal length, fruiting span and fruit number, length, girth and weight as well as fruit yield plant-1 were genetically controlled, which indicated that selection of desired traits can be effective for crop improvement of okra. 2nd experiment was executed with 24 local and exotic okra genotypes with four different levels of potash (0 kg ha-1 MOP, 75 kg ha-1 MOP, 150 kg ha-1 MOP, 225 kg ha-1 MOP) in RCBD factorial arrangement with three replications, to assess the effect of potash on growth indices and potassium uptake as well as potassium use efficiency. Significant differences were noticed for measured growth indices and potassium uptake among okra genotypes at varying levels of applied potassium. All growth related traits were improved by potash application upto 150 Kg ha-1 MOP, but further increase in potash did not result in significant enhancement of growth attributes. GCV, PCV and H2 showed significant variation in genotypes for their potassium uptake and use efficiency. High heritability for studied traits depicted that breeding for potassium use efficiency is possible on the basis of identified promising genotypes (Rama Krishna, Ikra-02 and Line Brand, Ikra-04). In 3rd experiment, 24 okra genotypes were assessed for their genetic potential to tolerate deficit irrigation. Three levels of irrigation including, full irrigation (control), 25% deficit irrigation and 50% deficit irrigation, were provided under field conditions. This experiment was executed in RCBD factorial arrangement with three replications. Significant differences were noticed among different okra genotypes for their tolerance to deficit irrigation. Although, 50% deficit irrigation severely reduced the growth indices, but these reductions were less in tolerant genotypes (Rama Krishna, Ikra-02, Line Brand, Ikra-04 ) as compared to sensitive ones. Leaf relative water contents of tolerant genotypes were high even under 50% deficit irrigation as compared to sensitive okra genotypes. Antioxidant activity, proline and total soluble sugars were increased in genotypes under deficit irrigation treatments but this increase was significantly higher in tolerant genotypes as compared to sensitive ones. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents were also adversely affected due to deficit irrigation. However, N, P and K concentration was high in tolerant genotypes even at 50% deficit irrigation. High values of GCV and H2 were observed for most of the characters at 50% deficit irrigation level, which showed that selection is effective for desirable traits of okra under severe deficit irrigation to develop high yielding drought tolerant okra genotypes through effective selection and breeding.
علامہ محمد ابراہیم بلیاوی واحسرتا! حضرت شاہ وصی اﷲ صاحب کی وفات حسرت آیات کے ٹھیک ایک ماہ بعد یعنی ۲۷ ؍ دسمبر کودن میں گیارہ بجے کے قریب ہمارے نہایت شفیق استاذ، دارالعلوم دیوبند کے صدر المدرسین اور ناظمِ تعلیمات علامہ محمدابراہیم صاحب بلیاوی بھی واصل بحق ہوگئے۔ اِنّا لِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّااِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْنَ ۔عمر۸۵ برس تھی۔نصف صدی سے زیادہ عرصہ سے دارالعلوم دیوبند سے متعلق تھے اور شروع سے اکابراساتذہ میں شمار ہوتاتھا۔حضرت مرحوم کاخاص فن جس میں بے شبہ وہ امامت کامقام رکھتے تھے، منطق تھا۔خوش قسمتی سے راقم الحروف نے دارالعلوم دیوبند میں مختلف علوم وفنون کی تعلیم اُن اساتذہ سے حاصل کی ہے جن میں سے ہرایک اپنے فن میں یگانۂ روزگار تھا۔ چنانچہ فلسفہ میں صدرا اور شمس بازغہ مولانا رسول خاں صاحب سے پڑھیں اور منطق کی اعلیٰ کتابوں میرزاہد ملا جلال، حمداﷲ اورقاضی کادرس مولانا محمد ابراہیم صاحب سے لیا۔اُس زمانہ میں ان دونوں حضرات کی مہارت ِفن وجلالتِ علم کاطوطی بولتا تھا ۔لیکن فرق یہ تھا کہ مولانا رسول خاں صاحب پرفن حاوی تھااورعلامۂ مرحوم فن پرحاوی تھے۔چنانچہ وہ دن آج بھی آنکھوں میں گھوم رہے ہیں کہ حمد اﷲ یاقاضی کادرس ہورہاہے،کوئی طالب علم عبارت پڑھ رہاہے،حضرت علامہ عمامہ برسر اور چادریا شال دربر پلونتھی مارے بیٹھے ہیں۔ اوراُس تبسم کے ساتھ جوچہرہ پرہروقت کھیلتا رہتا تھا، پان چبارہے ہیں، کتاب سامنے تپائی پررکھی ضرور ہے لیکن نگاہ اُس پرنہیں ہے اور اگر کبھی ہے بھی توبس اُڑتی سی۔ ادھر طالب علم نے عبارت پڑھنی ختم کی اورادھر آپ نے تقریر شروع کی۔ زیر بحث مسئلہ وجود کاہویا علم کا یاجعل بسیط اور جعل مرکب کا، غرض کہ مبحث کیسا ہی دقیق اور غامض ہو، تقریر بہرحال سکون واطمینان اورکامل خوداعتمادی کے ساتھ ہوتی تھی۔ زبان نہایت شُستہ اور لب ولہجہ بے حد پُروقار، اگرچہ ظرافت سے خالی...
Psychomotor assessment is characterized by the presence of physical activity and performance skills by students. Unlike the students 'cognitive assessment, psychomotor assessment is based on the actualization and implementation of students' understanding of the various subject matter that has been obtained in the classroom. In some of the subject matter, psychomotor assessment determines the success of a lesson. This article is a literature research. This article aims to find students' psychomotor assessment format in Islamic Religious Education subject matter. The results of this study conclude that the assessment of the success of learners is not only determined from the cognitive aspects, but also from the affective and psychomotor aspects. Standard psychomotor assessment is made different from the cognitive assessment, that is by way of describing the test scores. Psychomotor assessment should be held by direct observation of learners, can not only practiced by written tests.
This study was conducted on identifying the “Dynamics of Voting Behaviour in Pakistan: A Case Study of Selected Districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2002- 2013)”. It is a quantitative study aimed at knowing the dynamics of voting behaviour in the past three elections (2002, 2008 and 2013), with major purpose to see the changing trend in the mentioned elections. It was proceeded with 292 respondents who had cast vote in any of the target elections and they were asked through Likert scale questionnaire under purposive sampling technique. Originally, the sample size was 300 but none of women voted in sampled election in District Dir Upper due to conservative culture and consensus of all political parties not to let women cast their vote which reduced the sample size from 300 to 292. Major objectives of the study were to identify the association between social factors and voting behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; to see the relationship of political factors with voting behaviour; and to explore the association between propaganda factors and voting behaviour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study includes voting behaviour as dependent variable whereas independent variables include social factors, political factors and propaganda factors. Univariate and bivariate analyses were drawn. The study found a significant association of social factors such as family, biradari, feudalism, religion, political discussion at home among family members and personal interests with voting behaviour. However, ethnicity, social class and religious sects were not found in association with voting behaviour. The changing scenario was observed as the percentage of vote casting as personal decision increased with every successive election. Among social factors, family was identified as a major influencing factor of voting behaviour but its importance got diminished with each passing election and similarly the influence of biradari influence remained restricted to some areas. Religion was highly significant in election 2002 but lost its ground to other factors in the subsequent elections. The influence of landlordism was although slight but consistent in the sampled elections. The study also reveals that political factors such as party affiliation, performance evaluation, issues evaluation and party ideology were significantly associated with voting behaviour. Voting based on candidate affiliation was dropped while voting based on party affiliation increased in each successive election. Party leadership was non-significant in election 2002 and 2008 but came up as a significant factor in election 2013. Rest of the political factors remained consistent in influence in the sampled elections. Propaganda factors including public speeches by the politicians, news items in newspapers, TV talk shows and campaign on social media were significantly associated with the voting behaviour mainly in election 2013. However, door to door canvassing decreased in election 2013. Campaign on social media influenced none of the respondents in the elections 2002 and 2008, while it remained highly significant in election 2013. In addition, the study finds least women’s participation in the voting process. The study recommends that the local political leadership as well as Election Commission of Pakistan should come forward to actively launch an awarenesscreating movement regarding the importance of vote in the sampled areas towards increasing the participation ratio of women’s voting.