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Home > Characterization of Some Non-Repellent Insecticides for the Management of Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes Indicola Wasmann Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Characterization of Some Non-Repellent Insecticides for the Management of Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes Indicola Wasmann Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Thesis Info

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Author

Haq, Muhammad Misbah Ul

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6899/1/Misbah_ul_Haq_Entomology_UA_Peshawar_2015_HSR_13.02.2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725697969

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The subterranean termite Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann) is one of the most economically important and destructive pest species in Pakistan It’s hard to control with conventional termiticides because of its cryptic foraging behavior and biology. Laboratory studies were conducted to characterize non-repellent insecticides and insect growth regulators i.e. fipronil, indoxacarb, chlorfenapyr, imidacloprid, hexaflumuron and lufenuron respectively. These products were used with various concentrations to determine their effects on dose response relationship, deterrence, horizontal transfer, foraging and trail following behaviour of H. indicola. All these factors investigated were found to be highly dose-dependent. In the dose response study fipronil rapidly killed 100% termites within 2 - 3 days at > 10 ppm, however doses of 1 and 5 ppm showed relatively delayed toxicity with 100% mortality achieved within 8 and 12 days respectively. Fipronil was non-deterrent to termite’s feeding at 1 – 20 ppm whereas at > 20 ppm it became deterrent but termites did not completely avoid the feeding thus leading to higher mortality. In transfer studies all the concentrations > 1 ppm were able to inflict > 50% recipient’s mortality. However, the faster rate of the donor’s kills at 5 - 20 ppm showed that fipronil was not a typical slow-acting toxicant and transfer occurred via contact and cannibalism. Foraging study showed that sand soaked with > 1 ppm of fipronil could create effective barrier against termite workers. Fipronil at < 0.5 ppm did not affect the trail following ability with 70-90% termites successfully completed the trail. Indoxacarb showed potential to be used as slow acting toxicant in the dose response study and concnetrations of 10 - 20 ppm caused > 80% mortality in 3 weeks time. ELT90 was 25.3 and 27.4 days for 10 and 20 ppm respectively. It was also determined that non-deterrent to feeding was at effective concentrations of 70 - 100 ppm and caused > 90% recipient’s mortality when they were released together. It was determined that when donors were exposed to >70 ppm significant transfer of indoxacarb occurred. Foraging was greatly reduced in > 5 ppm of indoxacarb treated sand but mortality remained < 50% whereas in 50 ppm treated sand 100% mortality was recorded. Indoxacarb at < 20 ppm did not affect trail following. In the dose response study chlorfenapyr at more than 1 ppm resulted in 100% mortality of exposed termites within 2-3 days whereas at 1 ppm 100% mortality was achieved in 10 days whereas ELT50 and ELT90 recorded were 2.7 and 8.6 days respectively. Highest nondeterrent dose of chlorfenapyr was 50 ppm but mortality recorded at this dose remained < 25%, showing it was not appropriate for use as feeding bait. In transfer study at 1 ppm donor’s mortality gradually reached up to 98% which resulted in 86% recipient’s mortality. Termites foraged freely in chlorfenapyr treated sand and maximum mortality x recorded was 91.6% in 1 ppm treated sand showing chlorfenapyr could be good candidate for soil treatment. Chlorfenapyr did not significantly affect trail following of termites exposed up to < 3 ppm. In the dose respose study imidacloprid was found to be effective at > 300 ppm and caused > 80% mortality within 12 days. In the feeding deterrence test imidacloprid at > 200 ppm was a deterrent to feeding. Mortality recorded was > 90% which could be due to contact with treated blotting paper rather than feeding. In transfer study > 70% recipient’s mortality indicated the successful transfer of imidacloprid at > 200 ppm. Imidacloprid acted more like repellent insecticide and allowed little tunneling in treated sand and seriously hampered trail following ability. Termites treated with 50 – 100 ppm imidacloprid completely failed to follow the trail. Hexaflumuron caused < 50% mortality in termites exposed to 100 – 5000 ppm whereas at 10,000 ppm caused > 70% mortality after 25 days, ELT90 calculated was 74 days. It was found deterrent to feeding at > 1000 ppm and mortality was very low except at non-deterrent dose of 10,000 ppm with 80% of the termites were killed after two weeks. It elicited 34% and 59% recipient’s mortality at 5000 and 10,000 ppm respectively implying its effective horizontal transfer at these doses. Foraging was greatly reduced in sand treated with > 500 ppm whereas trail following ability and walking speed was not affected significantly at all the tested concentrations. In dose-response study of lufenuron, ELT90 values narrowly ranged between 45.2 and 64.9 days at > 250 ppm. It was non-deterrent to feeding at < 5000 ppm but was not an effective dose until 10,000 ppm where it elicited significant mortality of 98%. It was not until after 2 weeks that it was found to be a deterrent to feeding; therefore it would not be ideal for feeding baits. At 5000 and 10,000 ppm recipient’s mortality was 30% and 45% respectively; which indicated considerable transfer at these doses. Foraging was greatly reduced in sand treated with > 1000 ppm of lufenuron but trail following ability was not significantly affected.
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اقتدار اور اسیری

اقتدار اور اسیری

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید نے صرف چار سال اور بیس دن سیاست جبکہ پانچ سال ،چھ ماہ اور پندرہ دن حکومت کی جس کے بعد پھانسی کی سزا ہوئی ۔تحریک ،قتدار اور اسیری کا یہ  کل دورانیہ بارہ سال اور پانچ دن ہے ۔نواز شریف کو سیاست میں تیس برس گزر چکے ہیں ۔مولانا فضل الرحمن کو سینتیسواں سال ہے اور عمران نیازی کو بائیس سال ۔

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید کو پھانسی دینے والے ڈکٹیٹر کو بھی قتدار کے گیارہ سال ایک ماہ اور بارہ دن ملے مگر ان میں سے کوئی بھی ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید کا متبادل نہ بن سکا ۔اب یہ بھٹو کا کرشمہ ہے  یا بھرپور طاقت اور وقت ملنے کے باوجود متبادل بننے کی کوشش کرنے والے لیڈروں کی نااہلی کہ بھٹو زندہ ہے ۔

دنیا کی تاریخ میں بہت کم ایسے لیڈر ہیں جنہوں نے اتنے گہرے اثرات مرتب کیے ہیں ۔ایسا صرف مذہبی تحریکوں میں ممکن ہوا ہے یا بھٹو نے ممکن کر دکھایا ہے ۔بھٹو ضدی تھا ۔اسے جب تک تسلیم نہیں کیا جائے گا اور وہ اپنی جنگ جیت یگا ۔کہیں لکھ کر رکھ لیں وہ مرنے والا نہیں ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید نے کہا تھا کہ آخری قہقہہ عوام کا ہو گا ۔

مجھے لگتا ہے کہ پاکستان کے عوام ادھر وہ قہقہہ لگائیں گے اور ادھر بھٹو آنکھ مار کر مر جائے گا ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید صرف پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی پراپرٹی نہیں ہے بلکہ یہ پاکستان کی پراپرٹی بھی ہے ۔وہ ہمارا منتخب وزیر اعظم تھا ۔ہمیں دوسرے خطوں سے ہیروز امپورٹ کر نے پڑتے ہیں ۔بھٹو ہمار ا وہ مقامی ہیرو ہے جسے ہم دنیا میں ایکسپورٹ کرتے ہیں ۔

اٹل بہارئی واجپائی بھی...

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Behavior of Bacterial Isolates from Different Clinical Samples at Nishtar Hospital Multan

The pathogenic bacteria are getting resistant to antibiotics is significantly growing in the developing countries of the world including Pakistan. The present study was designed to find the basic study on resistance among the patients coming to the Nishtar Hospital, Multan. The study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Total 387 clinical samples of urine, pus, high vaginal swab (HVS) and wound were surveyed for the existence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. For these bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. E. Coli was the most prevalent isolates followed by Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas. E. Coli was predominated in urine, pus, HVS and wound specimens. Occurance of Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Candida and Pseudomonas were 7.9 %, 3.9 %, 14.7 % and 1.4 % respectively among the clinical specimens. E. Coli shows highest resistance to Linezolid (98.3%) followed by Ceftrizone (90.8%), Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (85%), Moxifloxacin (82.5%). High frequency of resistance specifies that there is an unremitting requirement of surveillance of resistance behaviour of antimicrobial agents in our study is to investigate the trend of this problem.

مہر کا شرعی تصور اور پاکستان میں اس کے مروجہ طریقے

Mahar or Dower is a sum of money or other property which the wife is entitled to receive from husband in consideration of the marriage. Dower is that financial gain which the wife is entitled to receive from her husband by viture of the marriage contract itself whether named or not in the contract of marriage, in which case proper Dower (Mahr Mithl) becomes due. The dower, therefore, is a right which comes into existence with the marriage contract held in abeyance till a certain event, i.e., dissolution of marriage by death or divorce, occurs. Dower money is a debt payabale to a wife and she is within her legal right to even press for its payment. Dower is an important part of marriage ceremoney in Islamic tradation and in Muslim Society. The thesis contain four chapters. First chapter is about historical aspects of Dower in different Muslim societies. Second chapter describe about the terms and termonology of dower. Third chapter is Mehar in light of Quran and sunnah. The components of Mahar in light of Quran and Sunnah. In this chapter also expalin the Mahar of Umahat-ul-Mominen and Binat-e-Rasool. (SW). Four and last chapter is about the Mahar system in Pakistan and Kinds of Mahar in different socieities of Pakistan. According to Islamic teaching Mahar is essential parts of marriage. So it can not be denied in any way according to Quran and Sunnah. One can not use the right of women without her permission but if she permit the husband can use it.