بیگم حمیدہ سلطان احمد
یہ خبر بہت افسوس سے سنی جائے گی کہ ۱۹؍ جنوری ۲۰۰۳ء کو مشہور علم و ادب نواز اور اردو کی ادیبہ بیگم حمیدہ سلطان احمد کا دہلی میں انتقال ہوگیا، وہ دہلوی تہذیب اور اردو ثقافت کی آخری یاد گار تھیں۔
وہ ۱۷؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۱۳ء کو پیدا ہوئی تھیں، دہلی کے محلہ گلی قاسم جان میں نواب احمد بخش والی فیروز پور جھروکہ لوہارو کے چھوٹے صاحب زادے نواب مرزا ضیاء الدین احمد خاں نیر رخشاں کی حویلی میں ان کی پیدائش ہوئی، ددھیال اور ننھیال دونوں طرف سے ان کا خاندان بڑا معزز تھا، بیگم صاحبہ کاننھیالی تعلق نواب مرزا اسد اﷲ خاں غالب سے تھا، مرزا صاحب نے اپنی بیوی امراؤ بیگم کی بڑی بہن بنیادی بیگم کے ایک صاحبزادے زین العابدین خاں عارف تھے جن کو مرزا غالب نے متنبی بنالیا تھا، ان کے ایک صاحبزادے باقر علی خاں کی چھوٹی صاحب زادی رقیہ بیگم حمیدہ سلطان احمد کی والدہ تھیں، ددھیال کا سلسلہ نسب حضرت ابوبکر صدیقؓ سے ملتا ہے، مغل بادشاہوں کے زمانے میں اس خاندان کے لوگ دہلی آئے تھے، اورنگ زیب کی فوج جب آسام کی مہم پر روانہ ہوئی تو اس خاندان کے ایک بزرگ بھی فوج کے ساتھ وہاں پہنچے اور ضلع سب ساگر کے ایک گاؤں میں آباد ہوگئے،ان ہی کی نسل کے لیفٹیننٹ کرنل ذوالنور علی احمد سے جو ایک بہت کامیاب ڈاکٹر تھے رقیہ بیگم کی شادی ہوئی تھی، یہی ذوالنور علی احمد صاحب حمیدہ سلطان احمد مرحومہ اور ان کے بڑے بھائی اور سابق صدر جمہوریہ ہند فخرالدین علی احمد صاحب کے والد بزرگوار تھے۔
حمیدہ سلطان صاحبہ کی شخصیت کی تشکیل اور ذہنی تربیت میں ان کے خاندان کے علمی و ادبی ماحول کا کافی اثر تھا، انہوں نے آزادی کے بعد اردو تحریک کی قیادت سنبھالی اور...
Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri (1817-1892) was one of the early followers of the Bab, and later took the title of Bahaullah’s mission was about to bring unity of all the mankind. He invited the world’s religion followers to peaceful coexistence with amity and harmony. He claimed that he was unique, in giving the idea of ‘ Most Great Peace’ through ‘Religious unity’ and a ‘Global civilization’ as a chosen ‘Manifestation of God’. He claimed to be a messenger from God referring to the fulfillment of the eschatological expectations of Islam, Christianity, and other major religions. He wrote many religious works, most notably the Kitab i Aqdas, the Kitab i Iqan and Hidden Words. In the History of Sub-continent, Great Mughal emperor Jallal ud Din Mohammad Akbar (1542-1605) is also known for the great task of ‘Religious unity’. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din i Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived from Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. Majority of muslims condemned him to deform the real shape of true Islam. Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. In 1575, he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them. The policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of D┘n-e-Elāhi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. With the passage of time D┘n-e-Elāhi lost its attraction and became a dead religion. It is interesting to make a comparison between the two.
Salt affected soils have higher concentration of soluble salts or exchangeable sodium to the extent that affects normal growth of crops. Salt-affected soils include saline, sodic and saline- sodic soils. These soils are mostly present in arid and semi arid regions of the globe because in such areas annual rainfall is less than evapo-transpiration. Plants face different types of problems due to the presence of salts. The research work presented in this thesis includes screening of 25 wheat genotypes under saline sodic field conditions. The genotypes selected from these salt affected conditions were further tested in pots and characterized in nutrient solution studies where the salts were artificially applied. Growth reduction occurred under salt stress and genotypes differed significantly in stress treatments. In saline treatment, the genotype 25- SAWSN-12 produced higher shoot fresh and dry weights, and showed lower accumulation of Na+ and Cl- and higher concentration of K+ where as the genotype 25-SAWSN-8 produced lower shoot fresh and dry weights and had lower accumulation of K+ and higher concentration of Na+ and Cl-. The salt tolerant wheat genotype 25-SAWSN-12 maintained better water relations, photosynthetic parameters and showed better oxidative stress tolerance with higher activities of SOD, POD and CAT than the salt sensitive genotype. The seminal and nodal root growth of 25- SAWSN-12 was higher than 25-SAWSN-8. The tolerant genotype also exhibited higher ash alkalinity and the production of organic acids including citric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid than the salt sensitive wheat genotype. These characteristics helped the tolerant genotype 25- SAWSN-12 to maintain better growth under salt-affected conditions than the salt sensitive wheat genotype 25-SAWSN-8. Therefore, the genotype which can maintain higher concentration of K+ and lower concentration Na+ and Cl- tend to grow better in salt affected field conditions. A salt tolerant wheat genotype secretes more root exudates and will acidify its rhizosphere in a better way thus making the rhizosphere conditions favourable for itself even under unfavorable soil conditions. The enhanced enzymatic activity in tolerant genotype will reduce the effect of ROS on plants produced as a result of salt exposure. The genotype 25-SAWSN-12 was promising under salt-affected conditions, and can be recommended to the farmers and may also be used by the breeders for the development of more salt tolerant wheat genotypes. This will help the farmers to reclaim their salt affected rootzone soils by biological means as the rhizosphere acidification will help to improve the soil for better plant growth under salt affected conditions.