In current research work, locally grown citrus wastes (peel and bagasse) were characterized through compositional analysis followed by preparation of citrus waste enriched fruit leather. After that, biokinetic trial was carried out to evaluate the prophylatic potential of citrus waste with special reference to hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia on Sprague Dawley rats. In this context, chemical analysis proved that citrus peel is an excellent source of inorganic matter. Regarding the phytochemical profiling, citrus peel as well as bagasse showed highest activity in methanol extract followed by ethanol and water. On the other hand grapefruit peel and bagasse proved to have maximum polyphenols followed by oranges and musami. The methanolic extract of grapefruit peel showed maximum values of TPC 206.53±6.82 mg GAE/ 100 g, Flavonoids 83.06±2.74 mg QE/100 g, DPPH 62.80±2.07%, antioxidant activity 58.13±1.92%, ABTS 10.35±0.34 µmole TE/g, iron chelation 18.54±0.61%, superoxide anion 34.62±1.14% and hydrogen peroxide 55.90±1.84%. The same trend was observed in the methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. Furthermore, the bioactive entities, hesperidin and nobiletin quantified through HPLC showed maximum hesperidin in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse i.e. 28.51 and 7.40 mg/g in peel and bagasse respectively. Similarly, the nobiletin was maximum 9.92 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and 2.78 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. On the basis of in vitro analyses and HPLC quantification methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse were selected for the preparation of citrus enriched fruit leather that was further used in bio-efficacy trail. Accordingly two types of fruit leathers were prepared using methanolic extract of citrus peel and bagasse @ 5% against control. The prepared fruit leather was assessed for physico-chemical analysis, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation on monthly basis during storage of four months. During storage interval pH, acidity, TPC and DPPH changed significantly however, all other parameters changed non-momentously. The hedonic response of citrus enriched fruit leather showed that the best results were obtained by T1 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit peel extract) followed by T2 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract) and T0 (control fruit leather). After that, the valuation of hesperidin was evaluated by the biokinetic trial of experimental rat modeling. The biokinetic study was comprised of three studies i.e. normal study (study 1) fed on chow diet, hypercholesterolemic study (study II) fed on chow diet with 1.5% cholesterol and hyperglycemic study (study III) feeding on chow diet with 40% sucrose. All the studies were further divided into three groups categorized on the basis of diet. 1st group fed on control fruit leather, 2nd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit peel extract and 3rd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract. During the 60 days efficacy trials, the feed intake & drink intakes along with body weight changed significantly. Moreover, in hypercholesterolemic study (study II) the cholesterol level decreased momentously as 14.42% and 10.65% by grapefruit peel extract (T1) and grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather (T2). Likewise, the LDL level was 60.62±2.24 mg/dL in control group that reduced to 51.93±1.92 in T1 and 54.05±2.00 mg/dL in T2. Moreover, the grapefruit waste impart non-significant effect on HDL however, triglycerides level decreased 11.34% by T1 and 10.40% by T2. The same trend was observed in hyperglycemic study (study III) in which glucose level decreased from 141.53±4.95 to 116.90±4.09 mg/dL by grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather and 128.52±4.15 mg/dL by grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather. Similarly, the insulin level increased 10.32 and 5.07% in T1 and T2. The liver functioning tests as AST, ALT & ALP and kidney functioning tests (urea and creatinine levels) remained non-significant in all the studies by the supplementation of both fruit leathers. Moreover, neither grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather nor grapefruit bagasse enriched fruit leather impart any harmful effect on the biochemistry of blood as proved by the hematological analyses. Conclusively, it is stated that citrus wastes based fruit leathers are effectual to mitigate health related disorders.
آغا وفا ابدالی (۱۹۲۹ء۔۱۹۹۸ء) کا اصل نام آغا ابو الحیات خان ابدالی تھا۔ آپ پٹنہ (عظیم آباد) کے ایک علمی گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آغا وفا ابدالی نے نواب سراج دین خان سائل دہلوی(جو داغ ؔدہلوی کے داماد تھے) کے آگے زانوئے تلمذ طے کیا۔(۷۸۸) قیام پاکستان سے پہلے آپ کلکتہ سے شائع ہونے والے ہفت روزہ ’’چونچ‘‘ کی مجلسِ ادارت میں شامل تھے۔ آپ ہندوستان میں دہلی کے روزنامہ ’’وحدت‘‘ اور ’’انصاری‘‘ میں بھی فکاہیہ کالم لکھتے رہے۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد آغا وفا ابدالی نے پسرور میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔ آپ روزنامہ ’’روشنی‘‘،’’کراچی‘‘،روزنامہ ’’انجام‘‘ کراچی ’’نوائے وقت ‘‘،لاہور ،’’کوہستان ‘‘،لاہور اور ’’سفینہ‘‘ لاہور سے بھی منسلک ہوئے اور ان میں کالم لکھتے رہے۔آپ نے پسرور سے شائع ہونے والے ہفت روزہ ’’نوائے پسرور ‘ ‘ کی بھی ادارت سنبھالی ۔(۷۸۹)
’’غبار دل‘‘ آغا وفا کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ہے جس کی پہلی اشاعت ۱۹۹۳ء میں پرفیکٹا پبلشرز لاہورسے ہوئی۔ اس میں قطعات کی تعداد ۲۵۲ ،۳ غزلیں اور ۴ نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ ’’شرار دل‘‘ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ جسے ادبی سبھا پسرور نے ۱۹۹۴ء کو شائع کیا۔ اس میں قطعات کی تعداد ۱۷۲ ،۲ نظمیں اور ۱۲ غزلیں شامل ہیں۔ ’’بہار دل‘‘ آغا وفا کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے جسے ادبی سبھا پسرور نے ۱۹۹۸ء میں شائع کیا۔ اس میں ۳۲ قطعات ،۹ غزلیں اور ۲۷ متفرق اشعار شامل ہیں۔
آغا وفا ابدالی بیسویں صدی کا ایک ایسا شاعر ہے جس کی شاعری پاکستان کی آپ بیتی معلوم ہوتی ہے۔ آغا وفا طنز و مزاح کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنے عہد کی بربادی پر خون کے آنسو بہاتا ہوا دکھائی دیتاہے۔ ان کی شاعری کا غالب حصہ قطعات پر مشتمل ہے۔
ہندوستان میں عہد غلامی کی دہکتی داستاں آغا وفا ابدالی کے سامنے تھی ۔جس کے سامنے بھیانک مناظر کو آغا وفا ابدالی نے اپنی سر گزشت میں بڑی تفصیل اور درد ناک انداز میں لکھا...
This study aims to determine how to determine the contribution of regional taxes and levies to the increase in local revenue at the Regional Revenue Agency of Mamuju Regency. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The analytical technique used in this research is to conduct field studies and literature studies. Based on the results of data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the contribution of local tax revenues has increased in 2013-2014 while in 2015-2017 experienced fluctuating symptoms in each type of tax. Then the contribution of regional levies changes which fluctuate every year in the period 2013-2017. As well as local tax revenues and regional levies contribute to increasing the original revenue of the Mamuju Regency.
Impact of planting techniques, weed-crop competition periods, and weed control methods on yield potential of spring planted sugarcane variety HSF-240 was studied at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. The study was comprised of two experiments laid out in RCBD with a split-plot arrangement, quad replicated, with net plot size of 3.6m x 10m. In both experiments, two planting techniques viz. 60 cm apart rows in flat sowing technique and 120 cm apart rows in trench sowing technique were randomized in main plot. In first experiment seven weed-crop competition periods viz. throughout full season weed free, weed-crop competition for 45 days after sowing (DAS), 60 DAS, 75 DAS, 90 DAS, 105 DAS, and full season weed-crop competition were kept in sub plots. In second experiment, eight weed control methods viz. ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha -1 , ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha -1 + 4% urea, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 562 g a.i. ha -1 + 4% urea, manual hoeing, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 375 g a.i. ha -1 + sorghum & sunflower water extract each @ 15 L ha -1 and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 187.5 g a.i. ha -1 + sorghum & sunflower water extract each @ 15 L ha -1 were randomized in subplots. Results revealed that on two years average, trench sowing by yielding 73.65 t ha -1 stripped cane yield, significantly superseded the flat sowing which gave 65.08 t ha -1 stripped cane yield. On the average of two years, zero competition (weed free throughout the season) recorded 92.21 t ha -1 stripped cane yield, significantly higher than any weed- crop competition period. However, weed-crop competition for 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 DAS gave 104.26, 85.22, 75.40, 42.63, and 40.17 % stripped cane yield, respectively over weedy check. In second experiment, trench sowing gave significantly higher stripped cane yield of 76.20 t ha -1 than 71.40 t ha -1 in flat sowing technique. In weed control methods, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron @ 750 g a.i. ha -1 + mechanical weed control gave significantly higher stripped cane yield of 101.68 t ha -1 than all weed control methods as well as weedy check which gave 37.28 t ha -1 . Different weed control methods gave 18.03 to 179.29 % higher stripped cane yields over weedy check.