ممتا
شاکر انور
سمندرنیلا اور پر سکون تھا اور دمام کا آسمان بادلوں سے پُر۔ میں بیقراری سے دھوپ کے ایک ٹکڑے کی تلاش میں ہاف مون بیچ کے خوبصورت سبز گھانس کے روش پر اِدھراُدھر گھوم رہاتھا۔کاش! کوئی ایسی پر سکون جگہ مل جائے جہاں پر میں اپنے ناول کے خاتمے پر کام کرسکوں۔
دور مغربی ساحل کے ایک گوشے میں کھجور کے درختوں سے چھن چھن کر آتی سورج کی ریشمی چادر سی تنی نظرآئی۔ میں تیزی سے اس جگہ گیا مگر وہاں پر سیاہ عبایا پہنے ایک نوجوان عورت بے بی اسٹرولر پر جھکی ہوئی لیٹے ہوئے بچے کو دھوپ سنکاتی، مسکراتی ہوئی باتیں کررہی تھی۔کبھی کبھی وہ بے ساختہ ہنس دیتی۔ جیسے اس کے بچے نے کوئی معصوم سی شرارت کی ہو، وہ شاید مصری یا لبنانی ہوگی۔ نہایت گوری، گلابی کالی آنکھوں والی۲۳، ۵۳ سالہ دوشیزہ جوسرخ پھولدار رومال سے سر ڈھانپے ہوئی تھی۔ وہ جس جگہ کھڑی تھی وہ میری اوّلین پسند تھی۔ ہاف مون بیچ سے کچھ دوری پر واقع نہایت ہی پراسرار خاموشی سے گھرا کنارا جہاں خوبصورت سناٹا میرے خیالوں کو مہمیز کرتا۔
اس نے اچانک پلٹ کر میری طرف دیکھا۔ ایک ادھوری سی مسکراہٹ اس کے ہونٹوں پر تھی……مگر شاید وہ مکمل تھی۔ یہ میرا گمان تھا اور پھر اسٹرولر کو دھکے دیتی آگے بڑھ گئی۔ جیسے کہہ رہی ہو۔ آجاؤ، اپنی مخصوص جگہ مسٹر ادیب۔میں نے اکثر شام کے وقت اسٹرولر پر بچے کو گھماتے ہوئے دیکھاتھا۔ وہ ہمیشہ اکیلی ہوتی اور ساحلِ سمندر کے کنارے پر بنے ہوئے ٹریک پر اِدھر اُدھر گھومتی رہتی۔ بے بی اسٹرولر کے دائیں جانب پانی کی چھوٹی سی رنگین بوتل ہوتی اور دوسری جانب چند کھلونے‘ اوپر کا گلابی حصہ نیچے کی طرف جھکا ہوتا۔اسے...
The duty of issuance Islamic legal verdict is a great job because the Mufti is the successor of the Prophets of Allah. He explains the commands of Allah — permissible and prohibited acts—and stops the disputes among the followers. The focal aspects of this research paper are the questions: What are the required conditions to be a reliable mufti? What are the points of agreement and differences among the four major schools of jurisprudence — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafa’i and Hanbali? The most important area of this paper is the question: What are the protocols and etiquettes of the procedure of issuance of a fatwa, the legal verdict, in our contemporary societies. In the first part of this paper, the analytical evaluation of the arguments presented by prominent jurists of the four major schools of Islamic Jurisprudence. This part suggests some points to reset the preferences because it is the need of time. The second part of the paper opines a number of suggestions to improve the manners, etiquettes and protocols of the procedure on part of a mufti. A mufti, being a representative of the seat of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), is not only responsible to Allah Almighty but also to wellbeing, security, and peace among the members of our society.
A series of field experiments were conducted to evaluate the integrated application of organic and inorganic nutrient source, cropping systems and different tillage methods under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions and study their effects on soil physiochemical properties, soil fertility and crop productivity. The experiments were carried out at Agricultural Research Station Serai Naurang, Bannu, Pakistan. Tillage methods included deep (DT) and conventional shallow tillage (CT) while cropping system consisted of wheat-maize-wheat, wheat-mungbean-wheat under irrigated condition and wheat-mungbean-wheat, wheat-fallow-wheat under non-irrigated condition. The fertilizers treatments were farmer’s practice T1 (50 % NP), balance inorganic fertilizers T2 (100 % NPK recommended dose i.e. 120, 90 and 60 kg ha-1), integrated inorganic and organic fertilizers T3 (50 % N + 100 % PK + 10 tons FYM ha-1) and T4 (25 % N + 100 % PK + 20 tons FYM ha-1). The experimental design was RCB with split-split plot arrangement having three replications. Tillage was allotted to main plots, cropping system to subplots and fertilizer treatments to sub-subplots. Deep tillage treatment resulted higher soil available water holding capacity, mineral N and lower soil bulk density than CT under both the conditions. Higher wheat straw, grain and total NPK uptakes was observed in DT than CT. The straw and grain yield of wheat significantly increased with deeply ploughed plots under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. However, soil organic matter (OM), AB-DTPA extractable P and K, pH, microbial biomass and population was not affected by any tillage methods. Mungbean-wheat cropping system had performed better than maize-wheat or fallow-wheat. Greater soil OM, mineral N, N uptake, microbial biomass and microbial population was recorded in mungbean-wheat rotation than fallow-wheat under non-irrigated condition, whereas higher wheat straw and grain yield was recorded in mungbean-wheat compared to maize-wheat rotation under irrigated condition. Similarly, incorporation of FYM either 10 tons with 50 % N + 100 % PK (T3) or 20 tons with 25 % N + 100 % PK (T4) had increased soil available water holding capacity, organic matter, mineral N, AB-DTPA extractable P and K, microbial biomass and population but decreased soil bulk density under both conditions. Greater straw N, P and K contents were measured in plots having 50 % N + 100 % PK + 10 tons FYM ha-1 and 25 % N + 100 % PK + 20 tons FYM ha-1 compared to the plots receiving sole mineral fertilizers, whereas grain N was increased in plots receiving balance inorganic fertilizers under both the conditions. Integrated application of 50 % N + 100 % PK with 10 tons FYM ha-1 had improved straw, grain and total N, P and K uptakes compared to other treatments under each conditions. Fertilization of 50 % N + 100 % PK with 10 tons FYM ha-1 had further improved wheat grain yield with 56 % increase under irrigated condition and 49 % increase over farmer’s practice under non-irrigated condition followed by the plots receiving sole recommended 100 % NPK. The summer crops of maize and mungbean responded significantly to combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Addition of 50 % N + 100 % PK + 10 tons FYM ha-1 had increased maize grain and stover yield compared to the other treatments under irrigated condition. Plots incorporated with 50 % N + 100 % PK + 10 tons FYM ha-1 or 25 % N + 100 % PK + 20 tons FYM ha-1 produced comparable yield of mungbean, but significantly higher from plots having sole inorganic fertilizers under both the conditions. Integrated use of 50 % N + 100 % PK + 10 tons FYM ha-1 with DT under wheat-mungbean-wheat cropping system had improved crop productivity and soil fertility beside soil health and environmental benefits and thus recommended for irrigated and non-irrigated wheat sowing in agro-climatic condition of Bannu, Pakistan.