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Home > Child Labour a Statistical Study Using Multistage Probability Proportional Strati Ed Systematic Sampling

Child Labour a Statistical Study Using Multistage Probability Proportional Strati Ed Systematic Sampling

Thesis Info

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Author

Siddiqi, Ahmed Faisal Imtiaz

Program

PhD

Institute

Government College University

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Mathemaics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/238

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725720561

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Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in the world, occurring predominantly in develop- ing countries. Recently, there has been renewed concern about the presence and impact of child labor from politicians, activists and academics alike. Most of the popular discussion has centered on misleading statistics, harmful e ects of child labor and ways to curtail its incidence. Much of the recent theoretical literature has focused attention on the fact that the decision to send children to work is most likely made not by the children themselves, but by households who do so out of dire need. Poverty is considered to be the root cause of child labor. In fact, this is not true and literacy and household e ect are even bigger variables in the determination, and measurement of child labor in a society. This raises the issue of the impact of literacy and schooling on child labor and vice versa. Notwithstanding, a large and rapidly expanding literature on child labor, there is not much empirical evidence on this issue since much of this literature has concentrated on socially, anthropologically, or somewhat psychologically, analyzing the causes of child labor rather than studying its consequences, especially for the impact of learning and household. The present study seeks toll this signi cant gap in the literature on child labor. Broadly, the study can be divided into three parts; developing a reliable estimate to calculate number of children doing work, identifying important factors for child labour, and thirdly, developing a pro le of today''s child labourer. The exercise is conducted on a primary data set involving 5-14 years old children from Lahore & Bahawalpur divisions, Pakistan, using a multi-stage probability proportional strati ed systematic sampling scheme. Close ended questionnaire was specially developed keeping in view theeld and data processing requirements of the project. To avoid possible biases, proper interviewer''s training and practice sessions were conducted. Information was collected on family demographics, place of origin and current living status, personal information, current work history and conditions, personal behaviour, health, perceptions and knowledge and literacy level on a household basis from the house- hold head. The estimator is developed using Sampford (1967) extension to Brewer (1963) approach for calculating internal selection probabilities. The numerical strength of child labour in these two divisions turns out to be 3,440,411 chil- dren which happens to be 32% of total children living in these two divisions. Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out to develop its probability distribution which turns out a bi-modal distribution. This bi-modalness is probably because of di erent boys and girls labourers or due to di erent sizes of districts and tehsils included in the sample. This distribution is then used to develop con dence intervals associated with the total number of child labourers in these two divisions. E ect of household, literacy and poverty are quantitatively investigated and these turns out to be the biggest instrumental variables in the dynamics of child labour- ers. Speci c generalized Poisson regression models are developed for various situations to ascertain and gauge the veracity of associations and relationships between child labour dy- namics and its causes like household demography, household poverty and household literacy. It turns out that household demography, including its physical and familial structure, plays a statistically signi cant role in the dynamics of child labour. Household poverty, on the second hand, turns out to be promotive for child labour. While, increasing household literacy turns out to be negatively associated with the dissemination of child labour. Multivariate cluster analysis is also conducted to develop a household characteristics based segmentation in the child labour community which results in three clearly separated clusters of labouring kids; mechanics, chotta, and girls. A multiple discriminant analysis is also conducted to develop a household characteristics based yard stick to index households for their propensity towards child labour. It also helps in identifying the potential entrants in this labour. In the end, a pro le is developed for a typical child labourer on the basis of accumulated data envisaging di erent facets of his life. Such a pro le is useful in understanding the life and miseries of a child labourer and his household.
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110. An-Nasr/Help

110. An-Nasr/Help

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

110:01
a. When Allah’s help arrives and HE opens up your way to victory after victory,

110:02
a. then you see people entering Allah’s Religion of Islam en-mass, in swarming crowds.

110:03
a. So glorify your Rabb - The Lord with HIS Praise,
b. and seek HIS Forgiveness.
c. Surely HE is the Acceptor of Repentance and Ever-Pardoning.

Trading in Influence: Modus Baru dalam Korupsi Indonesia Tahun 2022 dan Paradoks Kriminalisasi

This study evaluates the handling of corruption cases by the Prosecutor's Office, the Police and the Corruption Eradication Commission throughout 2022 and gives a fair grade (C) with a handling percentage of about 50% of the target of 2,772 cases. A comparative assessment of the last five years illustrates the dynamics of the handling of corruption cases. Quantitative charts highlight trends in enforcement, from the number of cases to potential losses to the state. Mapping corruption cases using the influence peddling mode involves identifying, analyzing, and summarizing patterns. Mapping steps include identification of cases, analysis of characteristics, creation of visual maps, integration of contextual factors, trend analysis, and recommendations. This mapping supports the understanding and formulation of strategies for dealing with corruption cases using the influence trading mode. In 2022, budget abuse dominates, followed by price gouging and fictitious activities. The high prevalence of these three methods indicates a lack of oversight in development and widespread corruption in the procurement of goods and services. Of the 579 cases, 43% involved the procurement of goods and services. Influence trading methods were also identified and used 19 times. The delegation of great authority to regional heads creates bargaining in the promotion and transfer of ASN. The case of buying and selling positions involving Regional Heads and ASN reflects the symbiosis between the two, with greed for power and ASN's desire to obtain immediate positions. The rise in this case is likened to an iceberg phenomenon, with the possibility that many cases have yet to be discovered.

Epidemiology, Zoonotic Potential, Haematological Effect, in Vivo and in Vitro Control of Sarcoptes Scabiei Lam in Animals and Humans in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Ectoparasites play a fundamental role in health problems among animals and humans. Sarcoptes scabiei mites (cause of itching and irritation in all individuals) among the ectoparasites are playing a major role in causing heavy economic losses in term of milk and meat in animals and Dermatophagoides mites are the sole parasitic cause of human asthma. The following five studies were conducted to investigate S. scabiei prevalence, zoonotic potential, effect on haematological parameters, in vitro study and in vivo uses in animals and humans and deterrence effect of Nepeta cataria volatiles. Study I- Prevalence of S. scabiei: In the present study 150 buffalo calves, 100 camels, 150 dogs, 150 goats, and 150 humans were examined clinically and microscopically at districts Dera Ismail khan, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Tank, Karak, Kohat and to their adjacent tribal belt. The prevalence of scabies infestation exhibited epidemic nature in winter season (November to February). During the epidemiological survey the average prevalence across the year recorded was 8.72% in humans, 18.3% in dogs, 14.06% in camels, 7.3% in buffalo calves and 5.3% in goats. Scabies caused by S. scabiei mite can affect any area of the skin, but the lesion found were often most severe on the abdomen, chest, legs, and ears and especially on the pubic regions of studied animals and peoples. Study II- Zoonotic potential: The transmittability nature of Sarcoptes scabiei mites affecting the animals were assessed in humans having contact with S. scabiei infested animals. Though the S. scabiei mites spend their entire life on their respective host, some mites do fall off into the environment due to animal scratching and survive for up to 3 weeks, becomes source of spreading. Taking in consideration the above study 300 families keeping scabies infested dogs, 150 camels drivers, 150 Dairy man and woman dealing with scabietic buffalo calves and 150 nomadic men keeping scabies infested goats were visited. After conducting the study the main zoonotic transmitters found were dogs and camels. The transmittability percentage recorded in dogs (23%), camels (15%), buffalo calves (2%) and goats (2%). For experimental transmittability syringing of 500 live S. scabiei var canis on the back of the healthy buffalo calves, 250 live S. scabiei var bubalis over the back of healthy goats, 400 live S. scabiei var cameli over the back of healthy dogs, 150 live S. scabiei var caprae over the back of healthy camels were carried out. S. scabiei var canis showed 10% transmittability to buffalo calves, S. scabiei var bubalis showed 20% transmittability to goats, S. scabiei var cameli showed 25% transmittability to dogs and S. scabiei var caprae showed 15% transmittability to camels. Study III- Haematological effects: During the present study different blood and biochemical parameters of ten healthy and ten scabies (three groups) suffering individuals from each animal group and human were investigated and their mean averages were assessed. In mites infested animals and humans, total erythrocyte counts (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), were found significantly with lower averages (P < 0.05), while total leucocytes count (TLC), lymphocytes, eosinophil and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were found with significantly higher averages in comparison to healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Study IV- In Vitro and In Vivo study: Side wise presence of synthetic drug residues in plants and animals food products causing economic losses considered potentially hazardous to animal, human being and environment needs to assess the control methods whether biological or chemical in nature for its perfect use. Studies on the efficacy of some acaricides particularly derived from medicinal plants against S. scabiei mites in vivo and in vitro were carried out on experimental animals and were assessed in laboratory bioassays. For in vitro study 96 wells microtitration plates were used and tested the effects of different medicinal plants on adult scabies mite. In each assay 30 μL of 10, 20 and 30% methanolic extract concentrations of Azadirachta indica, Caparis decidua, Melia azedarach, Nicotiana tobacum , Tecomella undulata, Vitex negundo and 30 μL of Methanol (control wells) were added into 96 wells microtitration plates and then were released 20 mites into each well in three replicates. All the wells were observed upto 72 hrs during incubation. The results were evaluated on the bases of activeness, lethargic movements or stagnant nature. The data showed that 30% concentration of V. negundo was effective treatment for 95% mites mortalities followed by A. indica and N. tobacum with 90%, then C. decidua and T. undulata with 80% and subsequently followed by M. azedarach with 75% mites mortalities. LC50 calculated values through probit analysis for T. undulata with LC50=6.363 mg/100μL was highly effective followed in descending order by V. negundo with LC50=7.160mg/100μL., N. tobacum with LC50=7.820 mg/100μL., A. indica with LC50=8.312 mg/100μL., M. azedarach with LC50=10.697 mg/100μL and C. decidua with LC50=11.869 mg/100μL. In vivo study 10 and 20% methanolic extract concentrations of A. indica , C. decidua, M. azedarach, N. tobacum, T. undulata , V. negundo and ivermectin at the dose rate of 0.2mg/kg b.wt s/c injection in comparison to control (Methyl alcohol) were used on 40 numbers each of buffalo calves, camels, dogs, goats and human on 1st, 7th, 14th and 28th day. Scabicidal affect on individuals was estimated through reduction in the lesion size, regrowth of hairs and reduced mites load. All the scabietic animals and humans were divided into eight groups each containing five individuals for therapeutic purpose. The groups were nominated as B1, C1, D1, G1, H1 for N. tobacum., B2, C2, D2, G2, H2 for V. negundo., B3, C3, D3, G3, H3 for M. azedarach., B4, C4, D4, G4, H4 for A. indica ., B5, C5, D5, G5, H5 for T. undulata., B6, C6, D6, G6, H6 for C. decidua., B7, C7, D7, G7, H7 for ivermectin and B8, C8, D8, G8, H8 for control. After 28th day of topical use of methanolic extracts of medicinal plants cure rate: In (a) A. indica group; ivermectin showed (86, 87, 85, 80 and 81%)., 20% A. indica exhibited (83, 95, 88, 78 and 89% )., 10% A. indica gave (53, 63, 65, 45 and 65%) cure rate; In (b) C. decidua group; ivermectin showed (84, 81, 83, 85, 81%)., 20% C. decidua exhibited (68, 76, 77, 73, 79%)., 10% C. decidua gave (43, 46, 42, 42, 51%); In (c) M. azedarach group; Ivermectin exhibited (84, 85, 85, 80, 83% )., 20% M. azedarach gave (75, 83, 78, 79, 79%)., 10% M. azedarach indicated (49, 49, 57, 42, 58%); In (d) N. tobacum group; ivermectin showed (85, 86, 86, 83, 80%)., 20% N. tobacum indicated (88, 85, 85, 89, 78%)., 10% N. tobacum exhibited (60, 71, 71, 56, 64%); In (e) T. undulata group; ivermectin showed (69, 56, 71, 49, 69%)., 20% T. undulata revealed (44, 54, 58, 33, 45%).,10% T. undulata indicated (34, 37, 32, 28, 35%); In (f) V. negundo group; ivermectin showed (81, 84, 83, 81, 84%)., 20% V. negundo exhibited (73, 75, 77, 69, 78%)., 10% V. negundo showed (43, 46, 42, 42, 61%) and all the control groups did not showed any curing signs in buffalo calves, camels, dogs, goats and human respectively. Study V- Deterrence effect of Nepeta cataria volatile oils: The house dust mite, the major cause of human Asthma whose control is easy through plant origin essential oils as compared to Asthma treatment. Instead of the current acaricidal bioassays, an alternate pathway of Y-tube olfactometer technique was used. Both the mites species (Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) showed significantly higher rebounded back rates from the arm having different concentrations of T2 and T5 chemotypes (10μg, 1μg, 0.1μg and 0.01μg) used in adding together to fish flakes (10μg) each. T2-chemotype verses hexane gave 40% versus 16%, 45% versus 30%, 47.5% versus 17.5% and 30% versus 28.5%; while T5-chemotype versus hexane gave 47.5% versus 17.5%, 50% versus 17.5%, 42.5% versus 25% and 35% versus 20% repellence at the concentration of 10μg, 1μg, 0.1μg and 0.01μg of both chemotypes respectively. They were compared to the distilled hexane in alternate arm and their significance probability noted was, (P < 0.001) except 0.01μg concentration in T2-chemotype. In T5- chemotype the lowest dose of 0.01 μg/ml of hexane were also found statistically significant regarding the repellence response. Before checking the repellent response of Nepeta cataria volatiles chemotypes, the house dust mites were bio assayed for the attractant response towards fish flakes verses distilled hexane, where fish flakes were found more significantly attractive than distilled hexanes (P<0.001).Our study shows that the Nepetalactones and Caryophyllene both present in the chemotypes T2 and T5 exhibits both narcotic and repellent actions for D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, and can be used potentially as repellent for house dust mite control. Key words: Azadirachta indica, Epidemiology, Haematological study, Nicotiana tobacum, Olfactometer, Vitex negundo, Y-tube and Zoonosis." xml:lang="en_US