اسراء اور معراج
قرآن کریم میں آیت اسراء میں من المسجدالحرام الی المسجد الاقصی کا ذکر ہے۔اسراء میں کوئی اختلاف نہیںہے یہ قرآن سے ثابت ہے۔تقریباََ تیس صحابہ کرام نے روایت کیا ہے۔اختلاف روایات کی بنیاد پر بعض سیرت نگاروں نے اسراء کا ہونا کئی بار ہوا لکھا ہے۔ایک دفعہ یہ سفر جسد مبارک اور روح مقدس کے ساتھ ہوا۔بعثت کے گیارہویں سال یا ایک روایت کے مطابق ہجرت سے ایک سال قبل معراج ہوئی۔ایک قول کے مطابق ربیع الاول اور دوسرے کے مطابق رمضان شریف اور تیسرے اور مشہور قول کے مطابق رجب میں معراج ہوئی۔ اسی قول پر لوگوں کا عمل ہے۔ مکہ سے بیت المقدس تک کے سفر کو اسراء کہتے ہیں اور وہاں سے آسمانوں کی سیر کو معراج کہتے ہیں۔ اس میں رب تعالیٰ نے آپ کو ملکوت کے عجائب دکھائے۔ارشاد خداوندی ہے ’’ لِنُریَہ مِن اٰیٰتِناَ (بنی اسرائیل۔۱) جب کہ اللہ تعالیٰ زمان و مکان سے پاک ہے۔ اس شب میں آقا کریم کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے اپنا دیدار کرایا اور بندہ خاص پر وحی کی ۔
واقعہ معراج آپؐ نے اپنی چچا زاد ام ہانی کو بتایا۔انھوں نے آپؐ کی چادر کا دامن پکڑ لیا۔عرض کی اے چچا زاد! میں آپؐ کو رب کا واسطہ دیتی ہوں کہ آپؐ قریش کو یہ واقعہ نہ بتائیں ورنہ آپؐ کی تصدیق کرنے والے بھی آپؐ کو جھٹلادیں گے۔ آپؐ نے چادر کو چھڑالیا اور ام ہانی نے کہا میں نے آپؐ کے قلب انور کے پاس ایک نور دیکھا۔قریب تھا کہ میری آنکھیں چندھیا جاتیں۔میں فوراََ سجدہ میں گر گئی۔ جب سر اٹھایا تو آپؐ جا چکے تھے۔ام ہانی نے اپنی لونڈی سے کہا جا کر دیکھو! آنحضرتﷺ ان سے کیا کہتے ہیں؟ اس نے بتایا کہ حضورؐ قریش کے اس گروہ کی طرف گئے ہیں جو حطیم میں موجود تھا۔...
The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message, enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.
Bacillus α-amylases are widely used in industrial processes. Nevertheless, there is a need to improve the temperature tolerance of α-amylases as high temperature conditions are used in many industrial processes. In this study, various isolates of Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) were recovered from soil using potatoes (Solanum tumberosum) and sweet potatoes (Ipoema batatas) for baiting. Isolates were identified using common morphological techniques and biochemical tests with an API kit. B. licheniformis isolates for further study were selected on the basis of high α-amylase production. The α-amylase gene was cloned in plasmid pTBSG1 and characterized. Mutations to be introduced for enhancing α-amylase stability were predicted by in-silico design using various computational tools: Rosetta, the disulfide design server and the RosettaVIP tool. The disulfide design server identified five double mutants for mutagenesis to cysteine residues as follows: L64C/K80C, E119C/S130C, G433C/G474C, T139C/W157C and Y396C/D416C. A sixth mutant, V283I, was predicted with the RosettaVIP tool. The various mutants were prepared with the Phusion site-directed mutagenesis kit with the help of modified primers. Wild-type and mutants were then recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and characterized and compared to wild-type enzyme. Wild-type and mutant enzymes were pre-incubated at 45 ºC to 85 ºC and residual activities were found to not vary significantly till 55 ºC (P-value > 0.05). On the other hand, at 65 ºC, 75 ºC and 85 ºC, mutant V283I showed significantly improved thermostability (P-value < 0.05). Among the double mutants, G433C/G474C was found to have highest thermostability in terms of thermal inactivation (P < 0.05). This study shows that the rational design and introduction of substitution mutations leading to the formation of disulfide bonds and increased hydrophobic interactions has high potential for improving the thermal stability of α-amylases.