This endeavor deals with the investigation of the Chromophoric nitroso, azo, Schiff base and transition metal complexes. In the first part of this dissertation, Schiff bases were designed, synthesized and characterized by contemporary techniques. These Schiff bases exhibited absorptions in visible region, i.e 393-405 nm. Metal complexes of these Schiff were synthesized using d-block transition metal ions and these complexes showed bathochromic shift with respect to Schiff base ligands and their absorptions were appeared at 410-455 nm. Anticancer activity was found to be good in case of palladium and copper complexes. Electrochemical analysis revealed that these Schiff bases and their complexes behave as oxidizing agents. Heterocyclic pyrazolone azo dyes were successfully synthesized. Newly synthesized dyes were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, and NMR, elemental analysis studies and their exhaustion, fixation and fastness properties have also been explored. Heterocyclic (pyrazolone) azo dyes have been prepared by changing the reaction pathway. In these dyes, first azo dyes are synthesized from different active methylene compounds and then their heterocycles have been synthesized by treating them with different hydrazines. Application of heterocyclic dyes on leather showed high light fastness, wash fastness and rub fastness values such as 4-5, 4-5 and 3-4 respectively, which are moderate to good. Exhaustion and fixation values of these dyes are also very high on account of their high attraction and substantivity with cotton fibers exception being those few dyes which lack suitable functional groups for interaction. Furthermore, the dyes containing sulfonic and methyl substituents exhibited an incredible degree of levelness after washing demonstrating the good diffusion and excellent affinity to the fabric. Chromium (III) complexes of these dyes were prepared and they showed high fastness properties as compared to ligand azo dyes. Nitrosopyrazolones were synthesized from newly synthesized pyrazolones and their metal complexes were prepared and characterized by contemporary techniques. Electrochemical and biological study of these compounds and metal complexes were conducted and promising results were obtained. The geometries of all the complexes were determined by the help of slope ratio method through UV-Visible spectroscopy.
مولانا احتشام الحسن کاندہلوی افسوس ہے ہمارے عزیز اور فاضل دوست مولانااحتشام الحسن کاندہلوی بھی گزشتہ نومبر میں شدید علالت کے بعد انتقال کرگئے۔مولانا کاندہلہ کے رئیسوں میں شمار ہوتے تھے لیکن ان کا مشغلہ تبلیغی کتابوں کی تصنیف وتالیف اور مطالعہ کے سوا کچھ نہ تھا۔شب وروز اسی میں بسر ہوتے تھے اور گفتگو کاموضوع بھی بس یہی ایک بات ہوتی تھی۔تبلیغی جماعت کے طریق کارسے ان کو اختلاف تھا۔وہ کہا کرتے تھے کہ تبلیغ تو نام ہی اسلام کوغیر مسلموں تک پہنچانے کا ہے۔ مرض الوفات میں مبتلاہونے سے ایک ماہ قبل علی گڑھ آئے اور ایک ہفتہ کے قریب قیام کیا۔ان دنوں میں ان سے کئی مرتبہ ملاقات ہوئی اورہرملاقات میں وہ اپنے اس محبوب موضوع پرتقریر کرتے رہے ہیں۔میں حسب عادت خاموش سنتا رہا اور بولا کچھ نہیں۔مرض الوفات میں انھوں نے بڑی سخت تکلیف اٹھائی لیکن صبر ورضا کادامن ہاتھ سے نہیں چھوڑا۔ بڑے خلیق اورعابد وزاہد بزرگ تھے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ ابرار وصلحا کامقام عطا فرمائے آمین۔ [جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء]
The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. The paper is focused on the mansabdari system which was developed and strengthened during the reign of Akbar. It can be argued that the mansabdari was an integrated system of efficient and loyal servants on the disposal of Akbar for the large expansion of his empire. The successors of Akbar tried to capture the spirit of Akbar’s age and reign in all respects but without much success. The system remained intact with central authority during Akbar’s days. The paper indicates that after the death of Akbar, the mansabdars started defying the authority of governors as well as the successors of Akbar. In this research attempt the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Akbar i.e. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb will be analyzed.
Teaching is a complex phenomenon as teachers perform a wide range of activities for variety of purposes. Understanding quality of mathematics teaching is even more complex as different people have different perceptions of 'effective' mathematics teaching. Educators from international context describe effective mathematics teaching a way teachers presents the subject matter to. the learners so it arouses their interest towards learning. Effective mathematics teaching for some is to provide caring environment where students learn mathematics independently and collaboratively. In other contexts, effective teaching is considered as engagement of students in worthwhile tasks to helps them create connections between different mathematical concepts and also between mathematics and everyday experiences. The literature review suggests that effective teaching is not a universal trait as its notion is different in different contexts. Also, it is very important to study notion of effective teaching among different stake holders within a context to make sense of teachers' and students' action in the class. The purpose of this study was to explore the notions of students, teachers and head teachers about effective mathematics teaching in union council Chatorkhand Gilgit-Baltistan. I selected three high schools two from government education department and one AKES, P school for this study. Six mathematics teachers, three head teachers and thirty six students participated in this study. I used semi structured interview and classroom observations to collect the data. The findings from the verbal data from students, teachers and head teachers reveal that these stakeholders to a great extent have similar notions about effective mathematics teaching. They all consider that collaborative interactive teaching is better for students' learning as compared to individualistic and teacher centered teaching. However, the classroom practice in that context does not fit with their understanding of best teaching. It seems that they do not teach in a manner which they consider best, though they still consider it their best teaching.