Pakistan‘s economy is based on agriculture that is highly dependent on water resources originating in the mountain sources of the Upper Indus Basin. Climate change may have serious implications for the management of water resources. The aim of this study was to examine the variability analysis in temperatures and precipitation and its impact on streamflows of Mangla Basin, UIB Pakistan using GIS based hydrological modeling. Trend analyses were performed by applying parametric and non-parametric tests and Sen‘s method was applied to estimate change values in time series. The influence of serial correlation was eliminated from time series by applying the Trend-Free Pre-Whitening (TFPW) method prior to the trend analysis. Firstly, a trend analysis was performed to examine whether climate is really changing in the study area. This trend analysis was performed on discharge, precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures for the period 1961-2010 and investigates the relationship between trends in hydrological variable (streamflows) and trends in meteorological variables (precipitations & temperature). The spatial maps of hydrometeorological variables were also developed to examine hydro-climatologically variability in the study area. The future climate change scenarios were developed with the help of SDSM model, a statistical downscaling approach based model, by using the outputs of the HadCM3 model. The river flow in Mangla basin depends on seasonal snowmelt and rainfall. So, the streamflow was simulated using the SWAT model, a physically based distributed hydrologic model that uses a GIS interface and readily available input data such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), climate, soil and land-use data. The future stream flows were also simulated based on future developed climate change scenario using calibrated SWAT model.Results of this study revealed that warming trends were observed in the southern part (lower part) of study area whereas in northern part (higher part), cooling trends were found. Precipitation in low elevated basins Poonch and Kanshi has decreased whereas in high elevated Kunhar and Neelum basins have the significant increasing trends. Trends were more common in mean and low streamflows compared to high streamflows. The annual minimum flow at the outlet of Mangla watershed has decreased whereas mean and maximum flow has increased. The streamflow in winter and spring seasons has increased whereas in summer and autumn seasons have decreased. The changes in annual maximum temperature for future periods (2020s, 2050s and 2080s) in the whole basin would be increases by about 0.4, 0.7 and 1.2 oC respectively under A2 high emission scenario. Decreasing trends in maximum temperature were observed for the high elevated subbasins in northern region of Mangla watershed (Kunhar and Neelum) while low elevated subbasins (Poonch and Kanshi) have the increasing trends. The annual minimum temperature for future periods (2020s, 2050s and 2080s) in the Mangla basin would be 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 oC respectively. The annual precipitation would be increased by 6, 10, and 19 % in Mangla basin in 2020, 2050 and 2080 respectively whereas in Kunhar, Neelum, Poonch and Kanshi basin may be increased by 16, 11, 13 and 59% respectively in 2080s. The future climate change scenarios have impacts on hydrological system resulting in 15% increased annual streamflows whereas for the winter, spring and summer seasons would be increased upto 16%, 19% and 20% respectively while for the autumn would be decreased upto17% in 2080s.. The prevailing trends and variability, caused by climate change, have an effect on the flows that should be considered by the water managers for better water management in a water scarce country like Pakistan.
کیا رت ساون دی آئی اساں آس ملن دی لائی سانوں بھکھاں ایہہ سکھایا نہ رکھیے آس پرائی اوہ دکھی ڈھیر ہجر وچ جنھاں پنڈ عشق دی چائی نہیں چنگا لمّا روسا کر لیے یار رسائی نہیں کوئی غریب دا ساتھی چھڈ جاندے سکے بھائی گیا سارا چھڈ زمانہ جدوں سجناں کنڈ وکھائی کوئی کرے تعریف عشق دی درداں دی اوکھی کھائی
Sustainable development is considered as or can be one of the ways in achievement, progress, and benefit for organizations. Organizations use and utilize this source to require a system on which they can rely upon and keeping in mind the end goal to recognize openings and associated risks and to make, realize, control, and upgrade the sustainable goals of corporations which to be both progressively viable (for themselves and the overall population) and increasingly productive in terms of monetary. Based on the content analysis and literature review, this paper review and proposed the conceptual framework on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its effect on Organizational Performance of Pakistan’s retail banks. It is conceptual type of research which possesses four hypotheses, first Independent Variable is CSR and Four Dependent Variables such as, Organizational Performance (OP), Financial Performance (FP), Employee Commitment (OC) and Organizational Reputation (OR) and these are not proven in this research. This paper suggests that by initiating the practices of corporate social responsibility can improve the performance of the organization and also increase its financial position, commitment level of the employees and improve the overall reputation or the company. Different literature suggests that this research could be done with primary as well as secondary sources sometimes the researchers have used mixed form of methodologies, this study is based on secondary data using internet which is one of the powerful tools to generate the data. Researchers conclude and give some suggestions for the future research work with the discussion on previous literature review.
Efficiency of applied phosphatic fertilizers on calcareous soil is very low, 10–25%. This is due to high calcium activity that substantially retards P availability to plants. Saving of phosphate fertilizer from calcium or solubilizing the fixed P is in fact improving its availability to plant. Coating granules of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer with polymer-entrapped bacteria can improve availability of P and deliver microbe in rhizosphere for improving P use efficiency and crop production. A series of experiments including laboratory, wire house and field were conducted to investigate the efficacy of polymer coated DAP bioaugmented with endophytic bacteria on growth, yield and P use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Polymer including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyacrylamide (PAM) and alginate and pre-isolated wild type and their derivatives endophytic bacteria strains Enterobacter sp. MN17 and Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN were taken for experiments. Polymer solutions and endophytes inocula were mixed by unit ratio. In laboratory experiments, different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of three polymers CMC, PAM and alginate were taken to check the microbial survival over different time intervals. Selected concentrations of alginate (1.5%), CMC (1%) and PAM (0.50%) and carbon sources [(G) 1%, glycerol (Gly) 1% in separate and then combination (G 1% + Gly 1%)] prototype solution was prepared to determine microbial survival at different time intervals. The best selected polymers concentration and carbon source (polymer + (1% G + 1% Gly) + MN17 or PsJN) prototype solution was coated on DAP granules and recovery of microbes from coated DAP surface was counted at different storage temperatures i.e.10, 25 and 40°C up to three months. Maximum microbes survive rate was recorded on DAP granules surface stored at temperature 10°C in order of alginate, PAM and CMC entrapped microbes, respectively, followed by 25 and 40°C storing temperature, respectively. Coated DAP fertilizer with alginate (1.5%), CMC (1%) and PAM (0.50%) along with {(G + Gly) + MN17 or PsJN)} was placed in cups containing 200 g soil at rate 1 g 100-1 g soil along with alone polymer coated and uncoated DAP as control to elucidate the P release pattern in soil at different field capacity (FC) moisture levels (50, 75 and 100% of FC) and temperatures (10, 25 and 40°C) up to two month. Best performing organically complex polymer-entrapped endophytic bacteria coated DAP fertilizer i.e. alginate (1.5%) and PAM (0.50%) along with {(1% G + 1% Gly) + MN17 or PsJN)} was selected and tested under wire house and field conditions. Results revealed that application of alginate-entrapped MN17 coated DAP at recommended rate increased plant height (36%), chlorophyll content (41%), photosynthesis rate (67%), grain yield (83%), grain P (39%), Straw P (30%), total P uptake (90%) as compared to uncoated DAP. Maximum phosphorus recovery efficiency (165%) and agronomic efficiency (181%) was recorded in the treatment of alginate entrapped MN17 coated DAP applied at half of recommended rate over recommended rate of uncoated DAP treatment. Application of PAM entrapped MN17, alginate and PAM entrapped PsJN coated DAP at recommended rate were followed this treatment. Regarding microbial enumeration in rhizospheric soil and root endosphere results of pot trial showed that application of alginate entrapped MN17 coated DAP showed maximum recovery of MN17 in rhizosphere soil and root endosphere i.e. 12 ± 0.54 × 107 CFU-g soil and 3.78 ± 0.74 × 106 CFU-g root, respectively. So, it can be summarized that polymer entrapped microbes coated DAP is a novel approach that could effectively carry required count of microbes into the rhizosphere that is under conditions improve growth, yield and phosphorus use efficiency of wheat crop compared to alone either polymer coated DAP.