Leptochloa fusca L. is a halophyte plant from the Poaceae family and is also locally known as kallar grass. It is a perennial, summer-growing, forage grass that is now cultivated in many parts of the Pakistan and India. It is highly tolerant to salinity, sodicity, water logging and high soil pH. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptation mechanisms against salt stress, such as; restricting the uptake of environmental Na + ; increasing the efflux of Na + from the cell; and sequestering Na + into the large intracellular vacuole to reduce Na + accumulation in the cytosol. Compartmentalization of the Na + into vacuoles can be accomplished by the action of Na + /H + antiporters in the vacuolar membrane. They catalyze the exchange of Na + for H + across tonoplast membranes using the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar H + -ATPase and H + -pyrophosphatase (PPase). The function of the NHX1 antiporter depends upon free H + provided by protons pumps. The objectives of the study were to isolate H + -pyrophosphatase and Na + /H + antiporter genes from Leptochloa fusca and characterize for salt and drought tolerance. During present study the full length H + - PPase and NHX1 genes were isolated from cDNA of L. fusca using degenerate primers generated from corresponding sequences of plants of the Poaceae family. The L. fusca H + -PPase (LfVP1) cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 2,292 bp, coding for a polypeptide of 764 amino acids. The LfVP1 sequence showed 91% identity with Z. mays H + -PPase, 90 % with S. bicolor and 80 % with A. thaliana H + -PPase. The L. fusca NHX1 cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 1,623 bp coding for a polypeptide of 541 amino acids. The L. fusca NHX1 gene sequence showed 88 % identity with S. bicolor and 87 % with Z. mays genes. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were characterized using various online bioinformatics tools; hydrophobicity plots; 2 dimensional transmembrane structures; and protein 3 dimensional structures. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were cloned under the control of Gal promoter in a Gateway ® yeast expression vector and transformed in rg9 (control); ena1 and ena1;nhx1 yeast mutants. Yeast complementation assay on hygromycin plates showed that overexpression of the LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes suppressed the hygromycin susceptibility phenotype in yeast mutants. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 were also cloned under control of the 35S, 2X-35S, ZmUbi and OsAct promoters using the Gateway ® technology. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were transferred in tobacco through Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation under xvicontrol of the 35S promoter and characterized for salt and drought tolerance. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic lines showed higher levels of relative water contents, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, membrane stability index and more negative value of leaf osmotic potential as compared to wild type control plants. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants were able to germinate and maintain their growth at to 200 mM and 250 mM NaCl. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants also showed better germination at 2 mg L - Basta ® ( glufosinate-ammonium ) . The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were also transformed in wheat under ZmUbi promoter. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed through PCR amplification and leaf bioassays.
انور نعمانی مرحوم علامہ شبلیؒ نعمانی نے اپنے بھائی مولوی محمد اسحاق مرحوم وکیل الہ آباد ہائی کورٹ کی موت پر اپنے ایک پر درد نوحہ میں یہ فرمایا تھا۔ مرنے والے کو نجات ابدی کی ہو نوید خوش و خرم رہے چھوٹایہ مرا بھائی جنید ان ہی جناب جنید نعمانی کے مرحوم کے اکلوتے بیٹے انور نعمانی مرحوم تھے، جنھوں نے لگ بھگ اسّی۸۰ سال کی عمر میں کراچی میں مئی ۱۹۸۶ء کے آخری ہفتہ میں وفات پائی، مرحوم اپنے والد بزرگوار کے سایۂ عا طفت میں بڑے لاڈ پیار اور ناز ونعمت سے پلے، تعلیم مسلم یو نیو رسٹی علی گڑھ میں پائی، گھر میں دولت تھی، اس لئے ان کو نوکری کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں پڑی، کچھ دنوں مرزا پور میں فارم کیا، چھوٹی موٹی تجارت بھی کی، پھر حضرت مولانا اشرف علی تھانویؒ کے خلیفہ مولانا عبدالغنی پھولپوری کے ایسے گرویدہ اور فریضتہ ہوئے کہ وہ نقل وطن کرکے کراچی چلے گئے تو یہ بھی اپنا گھربار سب کچھ چھوڑ کر ان ہی کے ساتھ وہاں رہنے لگے، جب تک اعظم گڑھ میں رہے دارالمصنفین والوں کے یار وفادار اور غم گسار بن کر ان کے لئے اپنی محبت کا دم بھرنا زندگی کا شعار بنائے رکھا۔ کراچی میں ان کے اکلوتے لڑکے سرکاری نوکر ہیں، اچھے حال میں ہیں ،پھر ان کے اور قریبی اعزہ بھی وہاں بہت خوش حال ہیں، مگر انھوں نے کسی کے یہاں رہنا پسند نہیں کیا، اپنے مرشد کی ایک پسند یدہ مسجد سے ملحق ایک کٹیا ان ہی کے نام پر ایک عبادت گاہ کے گوشے میں رہ کر اپنی بقیہ زندگی گذاردی، کراچی جب جب گیا، ان سے جاکر ضرور ملا، اور ان کی پرانی زندگی کی یادوں کی قندیل روشن کی، کسی زمانے میں صاحب کی طرح زندگی بسر کرنے والے کو ان...
Eighty years ago, when Mohammad Ali Jinnah started his address to the 1938 Session of the All-India Muslim League, he spoke in Urdu: Jab hum Patna ka tariki shahr mein aya. Immediately the public started shouting: “English! English!” and the Quaid-i-Azam resumed his address: “When I came to this historic city of Patna…”. What was the reason behind the public’s odd demand? At that time it was clearly understood that Independence had to be taken from the British. The Muslims knew that they needed a leader who could speak to the colonial masters in their own language. That is why, though only a fraction of the gathering could speak or understand the language, they wished their leader to speak in English
The samarium cobalt (SmCo 5 ) magnets provide higher magnetic force density, unlike the Alnico and other previously used magnets. The small sized magnets embedded in the properly designed appliance provide the forces necessary in dental, biomechanical treatments, removable partial dentures and implant prosthodontics. Cast SmCo 5-x Sn x (x=0.01, 0.06, and 0.12) alloys were prepared by arc melting with subsequent thermal homogenization. Microstructural and x-ray diffraction studies revealed that the alloys contain three phases i.e. SmCo 5 , Sm 2 Co 7 and Sm 2 Co 17 . The addition of Sn also caused grain refinement of the alloys. It was found that Sn addition had promoted nucleation of Sm 2 Co 17 , segregation of solute atoms and increase in unit cell volume, consequently, significant augmentation in remanence to maximum magnetization ratios were achieved. The nano-phase structures and magnetic properties of as milled powders were investigated. The Sn additions resulted in development of nanocrystalline structures producing exchange-coupled magnets with better remanence magnetization to maximum magnetization ratios (M r /M max ), typically 0.92 at 9.9 kOe coercivity. In addition, it was observed that the Sn concentrations lead to higher M r /M max ratios and maximum magnetization accompanying lower coercivity. X-ray diffraction revealed formation of 2:17 and 2:7 phases in 1:5 matrix, which were found to be dependent on Sn percentage. It appeared that higher Sn concentrations promoted 2:17 phase and helped in the formation of nano-sized phases. The investigation of sintered bulk SmCo 5-x Sn x alloys elucidated the presence of exchange coupling phenomena. Addition of Sn in the alloys developed nanocrystalline structure that in turn appeared to be responsible for producing exchange coupled magnets. The exchange coupling mechanism was evaluated by switching field distribution (SFD), dc—demagnetization M r (H) and magnetization M(H) curves as function reverse applied field (H r ). Sn additions resulted in increase in maximum magnetization and enhanced exchange coupling phenomena. The energy product (BH max ) of 7.4 MGOe iv(59.2 kJ/m 3 ), remanence magnetization to maximum magnetization ratios (M r /M max ) of 0.97 and remanence coercivity to intrinsic coercivity ratios (H r /H ci ) of 1.75 were achieved for sintered alloy containing 0.01 % Sn. Exchanged coupling and magnetic properties of SmCo 5 alloys containing Sn were investigated in sintered magnets with and without magnetic field annealing. It was found that applying magnetic field along the alignment direction of the samples was favorable for enhancing the reversibility in comparison to annealing without magnetic field. The remanence coercivity to intrinsic coercivity ratio increased from 1.75 to 2.0 with magnetic field annealing. The effect of Sn additions on electrochemical corrosion properties of sintered nanocrystalline SmCo 5-x Sn x alloys in comparison to conventional SmCo 5 binary alloy was investigated with the dc cyclic polarization technique in simulated marine environment. It was observed that Sn additions significantly reduced the corrosion rate up to 84% with only 0.01% Sn and it was further decreased to 90% with 0.12% Sn compared to the binary SmCo 5 alloy. The results showed that the corrosion rate was reduced with decrease in grain size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed pitting mechanism for both the binary and ternary alloys. Improved corrosion resistance of the alloys with Sn alloying is attributed to the interaction of Sn with grain boundary phases altering potential of the electrochemically more active samarium rich phases around the grain boundaries. This work has shown that Sn additions can be beneficial to the magnetic properties and enhanced the corrosion resistance of the alloys.