Home > Cloning and Expression of Cdna Encoding Bioactive Venom Proteins from the Mealbug Parasitoid Aenasius Arizonesis Girault =Aenasius Bambawalei Hayat Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae
Cloning and Expression of Cdna Encoding Bioactive Venom Proteins from the Mealbug Parasitoid Aenasius Arizonesis Girault =Aenasius Bambawalei Hayat Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae
The Endoparasitoid Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) has been synonymized with Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) in 2014. It is a newly emerged parasitoid of mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) and it has been found an efficient insect control tool. There is little information available on parasitoid origin factors responsible for modulation of mealybug physiology. Parasitoid’s venom contains biologically active proteins that have potential applications in pest management, some of them also have medicinal importance but venom components of A. arizonensis have not been studied yet. Venom glands tissues of A. tarizonensis were used for transcriptomic study and transcriptomic database was developed by using high throughput RNA sequencing approaches using Illumina Technology. The transcriptomic data of A. arizonensis venom glands was analysed by utilizing high throughput sequencing Illumina technology and de novo assemblies were constructed, containing 30,267,259 sequences reads which yielded 30,154,362 contigs and 8,507 unigenes which had significant BLAST homologies n the NR database. The database sequences showed homology to 2666 Nasonia vitripennis genes, 2065 Copidosoma floridanum genes, 1660 Ceratosolen solmsi genes, 1598 Trichogramma pretiosum genes and 1192 Cerapachys biroi genes. Further analysis was performed by selecting some genes encoding venom proteins which are potentially involved in the disruption of host immune system, developemental arrest and host paralysis. Sequenced mRNAs predicted to encode full length ORFs of Calreticulin, Arginine kinase and serine protease precursor proteins were identified, and tissue specific expression of these putative venom proteins was performed by RT-PCR which reveals that venom genes were not only exclusively expressed in venom tissues but also conserved in all carcasses of the parasitoid species. Application of crude venom and expressed proteins on cultured cell lines showed valuable results for understanding that there are paralytic factors in parasitoid venom which cause cell death. Whereas in functional analysis of microinjections, venom treated with heat and proteinase showed non-significant mortality which suggests that bioactive components of the crude venom were proteins which lost their biological activities upon heat treatments. Additionally, results also demonstrated that transcriptome de novo assembly allows useful venom gene expression analysis in species lacking genome sequence database which ultimately provide useful information for devising control tools for insect pest. This work also contributes to the understanding of the molecular and physiological bases of host parasitoid interaction in insects that may provide an unexplored resource for diverse biotechnological application and useful information for entomologists seeking to devise sustainable control strategies for cotton mealybug.
آرزوؔ لکھنوی جناب آرزوؔ جلال لکھنوی کے جانشین اور اردو زبان و ادب کے ماہر و محقق تھے اس پر ان کی نگاہ بڑی وسیع تھی، انہوں نے اردو شاعری میں زبان کی سادگی و سہولت یا موجودہ اصطلاح میں ہندوستانیت کا نیا نمونہ قائم کیا، وہ حتی الامکان عربی اور فارسی کے مشکل الفاظ اور ترکیبوں سے پرہیز اور خالص ہندوستانی الفاظ استعمال کرتے تھے، جن شعراء نے ان کی تقلید کی کوشش کی وہ کامیاب نہ ہوسکے اور ان کی شاعری یا ہندی کوتاہ بن گئی یا بے رنگ و بے مزہ ہوگئی، آرزو کی یہ خصوصیت تھی کہ انہوں نے زبان کی ہندوستانیت کے ساتھ اردو شاعری کا آب ورنگ اور اس کی دلآویزی قائم رکھی، جو زبان پر ان کی غیر معمولی قدرت کا ثبوت ہے، انہوں نے اپنے کلام کے کئی مجموعے فغانِ آرزو، جہان آرزو، اور سریلی بانسری یادگار چھوڑے ہیں، ان دونوں اساتذہ کے بعد لکھنو پرانی یادگار سے خالی ہوگیا، بلکہ ان پر اس دورہی کا خاتمہ ہوگیا ، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مئی ۱۹۵۱ء)
Background: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a commonly observed, fatal but preventable condition in children. To reduce the incidence of FBA, it is essential to provide parents with knowledge and guidelines regarding the prevention and management of FBA. Objectives: To assess parental knowledge and parental role in the prevention and first aid management of foreign body aspiration in children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Mayo Hospital, Lahore from January 2019 to September 2019. After IRB approval and informed consent, 151 parents were enrolled through convenient sampling. Data were recorded in a structured questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS version 26. Results: Breathlessness and vomiting were recognized as symptoms of FBA by 49.7% & 7.3% of parents respectively. Hand clutched to throat, color & voice change were recognized as signs by 6.6 %, 9.9 % &10.6 % of the parents. As a first aid measure, 66.2% of individuals knew about back slaps, while only 2% were aware of abdominal thrusts. Literate parents were well aware of the facts that children under the age of three should not consume seeds, hazelnuts, and hard nuts and the child should not laugh or talk while eating compared to illiterate parents (p<0.05) Conclusion: The majority of the parents are not well aware of signs, symptoms, preventive measures and first aid measurements regarding FBA.
Assessment literacy of teacher educators is important for effective teaching learning process. It provides sound foundation for appropriate classroom practices which could contribute positively to prospective teachers academic achievements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of teacher educators‘ assessment literacy and classroom assessment practices with their students‘ academic achievement. The objectives of the study were to find out teacher educators‘ assessment literacy, investigate teacher educators‘ classroom assessment practices, find out students‘ academic achievement, assess the difference of male and female teacher educators on assessment literacy, and to find out the relationship of teacher educators‘ assessment literacy and classroom assessment practices with their students‘ academic achievement. The research questions and hypotheses were made which has directed the study properly. This study was quantitative, descriptive and correlational in nature; and all 409 teacher educators and 817 prospective teachers of 20 Regional Institutes of Teacher Education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and students of 33 Government Colleges for Elementary Teachers of Punjab constituted the population of the study. Through stratified proportionate random sampling technique, 205 of teacher educators and 205 prospective teachers were selected for data collection. The total study sample comprised 410 respondents. This study was conducted in the year spring, 2016. To investigate the sample group of the study an Assessment Literacy Test and Classroom Assessment Practices Questionnaire were adapted. These instruments were pilot tested and were used to collect data from the respondents. The collected data were analysed through Mean scores, Standard Deviation, independent sample t test, one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation techniques using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 software. The results indicated that majority of teacher educators‘ had an average level of assessment literacy and they followed mostly traditional classroom assessment practices. Majority of teacher educators‘ were of the view that they had not attended any in-service training in assessment. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was measured between assessment literacy and classroom assessment practices of teacher educators; however, there was no significant relationship among teacher educator assessment literacy, classroom assessment practices and students‘ academic achievement. Based on the results of the study RITEs and GCETs were recommended that a series of workshops with the assistance of teacher education departments‘ faculty of universities may be arranged to enhance the professional competence of teacher educators in the domain of assessment. It was also recommended that teacher educators may not confine themselves to traditional assessment practices and they may adopt alternative assessment practices in assessing students learning. Furthermore, it was recommended that the Federal Ministry of Education and Professional Training may constitute National Assessment Wing under the umbrella of National Curriculum Council for the advancement of assessment literacy and practices in the country.