Varietal Comparison of Proximate Composition and Mineral Profiling of Pakistan Native Barberry Powder Proximate Composition and Mineral Profiling of Barberry Powder

Berberis Vulgaris fruit (barberry)also commonly known as “zereshk” is one of the world’s renowned medicinal plant with highly nutritious and therapeutic values, world widely. It is an elongated, 8-10mm long, bright red colored, fruit. Berberidaceae family; B. Vulgaris fruit is very useful tonic for liver, heart, pancreas, gallbladder and kidneys. It prevents chronic bleeding disorders, purifies blood, lowersblood cholesterol level, blood pressure and most importantly it help to treat diabetes. In addition it is effective in treatment of parasitic liver, kidney stones, gout, colon cancer, prostate inflammation, fever, asthma and malaria. Objective: This study is aimed to check the mineral and chemical profiling of Pakistan native barberry fruit. Methods: Proximate analysis of three different varieties (BVF01, BVF02, and BVF03) of B. Vulgaris fruitfrom different three regions Azad Kashmir, Chitral and Gilgit Baltistandemonstrated a nutritional composition in range of 77.43, 70.08, 73.12%for moisture, 0.98, 0.76, 0.89% for crude ash, 0.42, 0.33, 0.39% for crude fat, 1.53, 1.32, 1.44% for crude protein, 2.76, 2.64, 2.75% for crude fiber, 16.88, 24.87, 21.41% for Nitrogen free extract (NFE). The different varieties of barberry contained the ranges of minerals such ascalcium2724.70,2584.13, 2693.59ppm, magnesium 998.46,944.06, 986.32ppm, potassium12189.75, 11,114.21, 12021.19ppm, sodium 1402.16, 872.38, 1269.44ppm, iron 449.67, 334.58, 396.90ppm, zinc8.42, 13.78, 29.5ppm, copper 15.11, 5.45, 11.63ppm, manganese 32.5, 25.86, 28.91ppm(mg/L), respectively. Conclusions: The type of barberry cultivated in Azad Kashmir is the best having good proximate composition and highest minerals amount as compared to Chitral and Gilgit Baltistan cultivated barberry

A Comparative Study of Leadership Self Efficacy of Public and Private Secondary School Head Teachers

The main purpose of the study was to compare the leadership self-efficacy of secondary school head teachers. ?A Comparative Study of Leadership Self-Efficacy of Public and Private Secondary School Head Teachers? was conducted in Faisalabad. The head teachers of public 464 (male 213 and female 251) and private 356 (male 108 and female 248) secondary schools constituted the population of this research study. Multistage sampling technique was used for selecting sample of this research study. The proposed sample size was 120 secondary school head teachers working in both public and private secondary schools. 120 head teachers (60 male and 60 female) were selected from each two public and private secondary schools. The list of secondary schools was taken from the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Faisalabad official website. Researcher developed a questionnaire by keeping all the research protocols in mind. Questionnaire was developed according to the objectives of the study. It was a 5-point likert scale with 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Un-decided, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree. Leadership Self-Efficacy Scale (LSES) content validity was ensured through five expert opinions and coefficient of reliability was determined through pilot testing. Cronbach-alpha coefficient reliability for the overall scale is placed to be .89 (80items). The collected data was analyzed through the use of computer software named Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Both types of statistics i.e. inferential statistics and descriptive statistics were used for analysis of data. Independent-samples t-test was used for comparison purpose. Interpretations of the data were made to draw inferences. There was no significant mean difference found in leadership self-efficacy of public secondary school head teachers (M=313.31, SD=23.81) and private secondary school head teachers (M=314.71, SD=16.08); t (-1.40) =-.37, p=.70. There was significant mean difference found in leadership self-efficacy of male secondary school head teachers (M=320.03, SD=17.73) and female secondary school head teachers (M=308.00, SD=20.95); t (12.03) =3.39, p=.00*.