Sixty inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L) were screened in the green house at seedling stage both under normal and water deficit conditions. The layout of design was complete randomized desidn (CRD) with two replications. Six water deficit tolerant inbred lines were selected on the basis of dry root weight, root/shoot ratio and relative leaf water content. These inbred lines were sown in the field conditions to attempt all possible crosses in a diallel fashion. The layout of the design was randomized complete block design (RCBD). F1 crosses, their reciprocal crosses along with their parental lines were planted under both normal and water deficit conditions. Normal irrigations(8) were applied to normal set of experiment whereas 50% of yhe normal irrigations(4) were applied to water deficit condition. The data pertaining to various morpho-physiological parameters was recorded at physiological maturity of the crop. The data was subjected to statistical analysis. The coefficient correlation among seedling traits like fresh root weight, dry root weight, root/shoot ratio and relative leaf water contents showed strong association with each other in both normal and water deficit conditions. Mean squares for all the parameters were significant under both conditions, indicating the presence of sufficient genetic variability. Relative general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were calculated for all the characters (Griffing, 1956, Method I, Model I). Estimates of variance components for general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects for all the parameters i.e., plant height, leaf temperature, days taken to tasseling, days taken to silking, anthesis-silking interval, no kernels per ear,100 grain weight, grain yield per plant, no of kernel per row, ear height, relative leaf water content, no of ears per plant under normal and water deficit regimes. These components were computed in order to obtain an estimate of relative importance of additive and non-additive or dominance type of gene action. Estimation of components of variation indicate larger values of GCA variance as compared to SCA variance depicting the preponderance of additive genetic effects for all the traits except number of kernels per ear having greater SCA variance than GCA variance 15 showing non additive genetic effects under normal conditions. Heritability estimates for grain yield and yield related parameters shoed maximum ability to transfer the genes to the next generation. Inbred lines W-10× W64SP proved to be best grain yielders on mean basis under normal and water deficit conditions. Hence, these inbred lines might be exploited in future breeding programs.Under water deficit condition, best performing cross was N-18×W-64SP. Hence this cross can be utilized for future breeding program under water deficit conditions.
Shaikh Abdul Aziz Dabbagh was a prominent Sufi scholar of the Shdhiliyah order. Owing to his moral excellence and righteousness, he endeavored to rejuvenate the Sufism according to the basic principles of Quran and Sunnah. This study aims at to explore the impacts of Shaikh Abdul Aziz Dabbagh’s ideology about Sufism in the territory of Sub-Continent. His philosophy about Sufism has some explicit and unique features which were different from other Sufis of his time. In his method, he gave special importance to abide by the rulings of Quran and Sunnah firmly rather than the prevailing Sufi traditions and asked his disciples to refrain from un-Islamic practices which were being accepted by other so-called Sufis. In this way, he exposed the genuine picture of Sufism before the world. Resultantly, his ideas were widely accepted in Scholars and masses too. In this study, his teachings about Sufism have been designated in detail and peculiarity from other Sufis has been focused.
The primary objective of the study was to measure the association between developmental assets and youth development along with assessing the role of family, peer, neighborhood, community and schooling. Developmental assets signify personal, interpersonal and environmental strengths that enhance the health and educational outcomes of the youth. Similarly, youth development refers to the tendency of the young people to achieve higher in education and to actively participate in the community. Theoretical framework of the study is based on Ecological Model of Bronfenbrenner (1994) for understanding the role of family, peer, neighborhood, community and schooling in youth development. The researcher applied exploratory sequential design of mix method for the current study to explore the past familiarities and current trend of the youth development. In the first phase qualitative study was conducted with the aim to contextualize and explore the concepts of developmental assets and youth development in Pakistani context. Focus Group Discussions with the students, teachers and parents of students were conducted for the qualitative study. The qualitative findings of the study informed and established the development of the cross-sectional survey tool that was used on a large-scale population of the college students. In the second phase the quantitative study was conducted to see how the developmental assets are associated with youth development by using a cross sectional survey. The qualitative codes and themes were gathered from qualitative data and domain analysis technique was used for qualitative data analysis. The qualitative study concluded that both developmental assets and youth development has some cultural meanings. In the first instance the study found that role of siblings, positive health attributes and awareness about Information Communication Technologies are additional and substantive developmental assets in Pakistani society. Similarly, possession of leadership qualities and employability are important indicators of youth development in Pakistan. A cross sectional survey tool that was formed after the qualitative phase was used for the collection of quantitative data from college students. Ethical considerations were ensured before conducting the field work for the quantitative study. The objective of the quantitative phase was to see the relationship between developmental assets and youth development. The Quantitative data analysis was conducted by GGM model (Generalized Method of Moments). The quantitative study concluded that developmental assets are significantly associated with youth development. Overall, internal developmental assets are more valuable than the external developmental assets. The study concludes that the role of the schooling is at the highest level in defining the youth development. In addition to that the family, community and neighborhood also have substantive role to play in VI the development of the youth. Career selection, moral and financial help are found to be important aspects of family involvement and contribution towards youth development. The study argues that efforts can be made to promote healthy youth development by engaging them in community activities, healthy family relationship and supportive school environment.