Sixty inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L) were screened in the green house at seedling stage both under normal and water deficit conditions. The layout of design was complete randomized desidn (CRD) with two replications. Six water deficit tolerant inbred lines were selected on the basis of dry root weight, root/shoot ratio and relative leaf water content. These inbred lines were sown in the field conditions to attempt all possible crosses in a diallel fashion. The layout of the design was randomized complete block design (RCBD). F1 crosses, their reciprocal crosses along with their parental lines were planted under both normal and water deficit conditions. Normal irrigations(8) were applied to normal set of experiment whereas 50% of yhe normal irrigations(4) were applied to water deficit condition. The data pertaining to various morpho-physiological parameters was recorded at physiological maturity of the crop. The data was subjected to statistical analysis. The coefficient correlation among seedling traits like fresh root weight, dry root weight, root/shoot ratio and relative leaf water contents showed strong association with each other in both normal and water deficit conditions. Mean squares for all the parameters were significant under both conditions, indicating the presence of sufficient genetic variability. Relative general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were calculated for all the characters (Griffing, 1956, Method I, Model I). Estimates of variance components for general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects for all the parameters i.e., plant height, leaf temperature, days taken to tasseling, days taken to silking, anthesis-silking interval, no kernels per ear,100 grain weight, grain yield per plant, no of kernel per row, ear height, relative leaf water content, no of ears per plant under normal and water deficit regimes. These components were computed in order to obtain an estimate of relative importance of additive and non-additive or dominance type of gene action. Estimation of components of variation indicate larger values of GCA variance as compared to SCA variance depicting the preponderance of additive genetic effects for all the traits except number of kernels per ear having greater SCA variance than GCA variance 15 showing non additive genetic effects under normal conditions. Heritability estimates for grain yield and yield related parameters shoed maximum ability to transfer the genes to the next generation. Inbred lines W-10× W64SP proved to be best grain yielders on mean basis under normal and water deficit conditions. Hence, these inbred lines might be exploited in future breeding programs.Under water deficit condition, best performing cross was N-18×W-64SP. Hence this cross can be utilized for future breeding program under water deficit conditions.
علامہ اقبال دے ہِک فارسی قطعے دا منظوم پنجابی ترجمہ
تو غنی از ہر دو عالم، من فقیر روز محشر عذر ہائے ، من پذیر گر حسابم راتُو،بینی ناگزیر از نگاہِ مصطفیٰؐ، پنہاں بگیر
منظوم پنجابی ترجمہ
تو شہنشاہ عالماں اندر، میں مسکین وچارا حشر دیہاڑے سب تقصیراں بخشیں، بخشنہارا عرض کراں جے ہوگ ضروری، باہجھ حساب نہ چارا نظر نبیؐ توں اوہلے کر کے کریں پسارا سارا
Since the past few years, muslims all over the world are being brutally accused of severe extremism. Many muslims now a days condemn terrorism and extremism and are not willing to connect these terms with the religion Islam. However there are a few who are in favour of these things. Terrorism is basically caused by a number of different acts of brutality. Its actually a chain reaction caused by the conspiracies against Islam, double standards of different super powers and injustice to the convicted and oppressed. Killings of the innocent and unarmed in the name of aggression is some thing which is totally against the Islamic teachings. Things become more complicated and dangerous when such acts of vandalism are done in the name of religion. Although many goals of ISIS are Islam based, however these very goals are achieved through non-Islamic ways. They feel no shame and go against all the ethics and moral values to reach their goals. Hence causing much more damage to their own muslim fellows. Even the cemetries are no more safe. They kill their opponents in the worst possible way and disrespect the dead bodies by kicking and hanging them to the trees. If this situation persists, it is inevitable that ISIS might replace the Halaku Khan and Genghiz Khan is brutality.
Four series of trisubstituted ferrocenyl guanidines g(1-18), h (1-18), i (1-6) & j (1-6) of general formula [RC6H5CONC(HN''C6H4C5H4FeC5H5)(HN''''C6H5R1)] where R=3-Cl and R1= H, 3- CF3, 4-CF3, 4-NO2, 4-CH3, 2-CH3, 2,6-C2H5, 2-OCH3, 3-OCH3, 2-Cl, 2,3- (Cl)2, 2,4- (Cl)2, 2,5- (Cl)2, 2,6- (Cl)2, 3,4- (Cl)2, 3,5- (Cl)2, 2,4,5- (Cl)3, 2,4- (Br)2 have been synthesized and characterized by using elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H and C) NMR spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectrophotometery and cyclic voltammeter. Single crystal XRD was used for structural elucidation of some of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidines. Based on the single crystal X-ray analysis most of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidine have been stabilized by intermolecular as well as intramolecular hydrogen bonding and possesses interesting supramolecular chemistry having cylindrical cavities and empty spaces. In addition, a tetra substituted ferrocenyl guanidine (N-isopropyl-N-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)-N''-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N''''-benzoyl guanidine) has also been synthesized and fully characterized. The preliminary investigation of the anticancer potency of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidines has been carried out by determining their ability to bind with DNA and by the free radical scavenging activity. The DNA interaction studies performed by cyclic voltammetry and UV-Visible spectroscopy are in close agreement with the binding constants K (0.79 - 5.4) ×105 M-1 (CV) and (0.72 - 5.1) ×105 M-1 (UV-Visible). The results reveal that the ferrocenyl guanidines have strong binding ability with DNA as compared to the guanidines having no ferrocene. The presence of ferrocene is concluded to enhance the DNA binding activity of guanidines. This may be due to the fact that in the presence of ferrocene the delocalization of lone pair of nitrogen extended to Cp ring of ferrocene due to which the nitrogen become more polarized, stable and favorable for electrostatically bind with negatively charged DNA. The binding constants results show that the compounds having ferrocene at para position have slightly larger binding constants values as compared to the meta-ferrocenyl guanidines. This may be due to more delocalization of electron when the Cp ring of ferrocene is at para position. The compounds having electron withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring also have higher binding constant values as compared to those compounds having electron donating groups. This may also be due to the delocalization of lone pair of nitrogen on phenyl ring and making the nitrogen more polar. The free radical scavenging potentials of the selected synthesizes compounds was determined on a UV-Visible spectrophotometer by using DPPH as a free radical. The activity of ferrocene incorporated guanidines was found to be higher than guanidines without ferrocene. The compounds which have electron withdrawing groups showed an increase in the free radical scavenging potency. This might be due to the stabilization of resulting guanidine free radical in the presence of electronegative groups. Antimicrobial activities of the selective synthesized compounds were tested against five representatives, gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugnosa and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherchia coli) bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. Three fungal strains, fusarium moniliforme, aspergillus fumigates, aspergillus flavus were tested by using well diffusion method. The results revealed that the compounds having ferrocene and electron withdrawing groups showed moderate to good antibacterial activity as compared to the standard drug penicillin used. Significant antifungal activity was observed against aspergillus flavus and good against fusarium moniliforme and aspergillus fumigatus. The antifungal activity of these compounds was found comparable with the standard drug used (Terbinafin). Other compounds having electron donating groups were found to have a moderate or less activity against the tested bacteria and fungi. Exact mechanism of the structure-activity relationship was not yet developed but this might be due to a decrease in basicity, in turn an increase in the lipophilicity of the compounds in the presence of ferrocene and electron withdrawing substituents. Lipophilic compounds have more penetrating power across the cell membrane.