نظام الحكم الديمقراطي في فلسفة سبينوزا السياسية

تُعنى هذه الدراسة ببيان نظام الحكم الديمقراطي عند سبينوزا ، والذي له أهمية كبيرة في الفلسفة الحديثة بصورة عامة، والفلسفة السياسية بصورة خاصة ، والذي يصفه سبينوزا بأنه الأفضل من بين أنظمة حكم الدولة الموجودة، وكل ذلك من خلال بيان الفلسفة السياسية عنده ، لتكون الصورة واضحة ومتكاملة، وقد استخدمنا المنهج الوصفي في بيان أفكاره السياسية ، وتتبع هذه الأفكار بصورة تفصيلية، من خلال مقدمة ومجموعة من المحاور وخاتمة ونتائج لهذه الدراسة، والتي توصلنا من خلالها إلى إن ما يدعو إليه سبينوزا من خلال فلسفة السياسية في إدارة الدولة هو النظام الديمقراطي، لأنه أفضل الأنظمة السياسية التي تحقق العدالة والمساواة والحرية للمجتمع ، والطمأنينة والسلام والسعادة للفرد.

Social Assessment of Female Education and its Impact on Poverty Alleviation in Sindh

This study aims to record female perception about education and its impact on poverty alleviation. Poverty is on high priority for Government and defined differently by various stakeholders and organizations. Poverty manifests itself in a broad range like, economic poverty (Lack of food, shelter and clothing) health poverty, poverty of opportunity and choice. Females are capable, but capability alone is not sufficient to participate in the development. Rural, urban divide, married, unmarried, young, old, culture and many are also factors which contribute in the ratio of female education. Education can only be a useful investment of social change, when it enables a human life skills and empowerment. The present education system is not addressing to alleviate poverty which we are facing now a days. It is essential to understand that poverty which we are facing now a days, our educational system was not designed to alleviate it. This study has been designed to explore the answer of major question that is: To What level does the education of female helps in poverty reduction? For this purpose, a sample of 375 females aged fifteen to sixty was taken from three randomly selected districts (Larkana, Benazirabad and Badin) of Sindh, Pakistan. In order to test the validity of research supposition, the objectives were set using a theoretical framework. Research indicates that there are limited social, economic impacts of female education in some cases, especially where females face high poverty, education is not getting its effectiveness, also socio- cultural taboos limits not only getting an education but limits the opportunities of jobs too, in culture teaching is considered a respectable job for educated female. One of the more significant findings emerging from this study is that majority of women covets the view that education increase awareness that also leads to poverty alleviation. Consequently, this study puts significant value to the education of female literature by using sociological lenses. Evidences presented in this study clearly show that female with high education are more expected to be employed in the formal job sector. There is a negative relationship between female education and agriculture sector employment even female with primary education does not prefer to work in the agricultural sector. The study suggests that gender sensitive, carefully planned quality education system, improved curriculum can lead to poverty alleviation.