Analysis of human communities is very much helpful in determining their trends and relationships among community objects. Community can be viewed as a social structure (network). There can be roles of leader or follower in such groups. Communities were defined as nested; i.e. one community can hold another; for example a geographical community may include a number of ethnical communities. Different computer science researchers define community as a graph and as a dense directed bipartite graph, which contains a complete bipartite subgraph of a certain size. Web community is a community of web pages, which can also be defined as “FLG-Communities”. There is a need of algorithm to analyze different human communities, which can deal with quantity of attributes. In this regard, Community Algorithm (CA) is proposed that will be helpful in identifying, analyzing, manipulating, monitoring, and transforming human communities based on human eProfiles. The algorithm is based on three major components that are ontologies, operators and community sticker. Operators are applied to make link between two existing (data) stickers and generating new stickers for individuals added in the community. Community Sticker is comprised over major characteristics of human eProfiles. Human Community Ontology is extended from Community Ontology and holds the definition of the Community Sticker. Profile Ontology categorizes different characteristics of human eProfiles. Three tools (TODE, LiveIT and GAHC) have been developed during the present research, for constructing iontologies and collecting experimental data to facilitate the research during experimentation and its analysis, regarding CA. A community (network) is formed when human eProfiles (nodes) have links (edges) and interactions with each other. If multiple medium of communications were considered like email, chatting and short message service (SMS) in the network, it would make the graph more complex (dense graph or forest). Fuzzy Graphs are utilized for analyzing and modeling levels of information in real-time systems (simple or complex networks). This research analyzes such human communities with the help of fuzzy graphs and highlights the status of individuals in a human community. Max-Min Composition (fuzzy relation) along with statistical analysis on fuzzy graphs of human community was applied, for critical analysis. Two different indices are also proposed and utilized in this research are, Interaction Index (II) and Role Index (RI). Interaction Index (II) was established in order to estimate the intensity of communication in different medium of communication. Similarly Role Index (RI) determines the participation status of individual in a human community. The research envisages towards development of CA, which describes the (computer based) interaction between individuals in a community measurable interaction between users in a community as well as the one between communities. Major attributes of the thesis are: · A novel concept of Community Sticker, having major characteristics of Human eProfile ii· Various ontologies holding the background information related to profiles and communities · Multiple operators helping in generating new data stickers for next generation and manipulating data stickers of current generation (community) · Several tools which help in analysis and experimentation of different human communities The thesis begun with Chapter 1 as of literature review to define major attributes of our research.
4 ۔حدِحرابہ لغوی معنی کسی کا مال یا کوئی چیز زبردستی چھین لینا ، جیسا کہ ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں "الحاء والراء والباء أصولٌ ثلاثة: أحدها السّلْب، والآخر دويْبَّة، والثالث بعضُ المجالس.فالأوَّل: الحَرْب، واشتقاقها من الحَرَب وهو السَّلْب. يقال حَرَبْتُه مالَه، وقد حُرِب مالَه، أي سُلِبَه، حَرَباً. والحريب: المحروب. ورجل مِحْرَابٌ: شجاعٌ قَؤُومٌ بأمر الحرب مباشرٌ لها. وحَريبة الرَّجُل: مالُه الذي يعيش به، فإذا سُلِبَه لم يَقُمْ بعده. ويقال أسَدٌ حَرِبٌ، أي من شدّة غضبِه كأنّه حُرِب شيئاً أي سُلِبه. وكذلك الرجل الحَرِب۔"115 "مادہ " حَرَبَ " ہے اس کے تین معنی ہیں ایک معنی سلب کرنا(چھیننا )دوسرا دویبۃ اور تیسرا بعض المجالساور پس پہلا حرب سے مشتق ہے جس کا مطلب ہے چھیننا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے میں نے اس سے اس کا مال چھین لیا اور رجل محراب ایسے شخص کو کہتے ہیں جو امور حرب میں ماہر ہو اور حریبۃ الرجل سے مراد آدمی کا وہ مال ہے جس پر اس کی گزران ہوتی ہو جب وہ چھین لیا جائے تو اس کی گزران باقی نہ رہ سکے اور" الرجل الحرب "بہادر اور شجاع آدمی کو کہا جاتا ہے۔ " فساد پھیلانے کے لیے کسی کو قتل کرنا حرابہ کہلاتا ہے ۔ یہ لڑائی دارالاسلام میں بھی ہو سکتی ہے اور دارالحرب میں بھی ، جیسا کہ ابن منظور لکھتے ہیں "إِنما حَمَله على معنى القَتْل أَو الهَرْج وجمعها حُرُوبٌ ويقال وقَعَتْ بينهم حَرْبٌ الأَزهري أَنَّثُوا الحَرْبَ لأَنهم ذهَبُوا بها إلى المُحارَبةِ وكذلك السِّلْمُ والسَّلْمُ يُذْهَبُ بهما إِلى المُسالمةِ فتؤَنث ودار الحَرْب بلادُ المشركين الذين لا صُلْح بينهم وبين المسلمِين وقد حاربَه مُحارَبةً وحِراباً وتحَارَبُوا واحْترَبُوا وحارَبُوا بمعنى ورجُلٌ حَرْبٌ ومِحْرَبٌ بكسر الميم ومِحْرابٌ شَديدُ الحَرْبِ شُجاعٌ۔" 116 "اس کو محمول کیا ہے قتل کے معنی پر اور اس کی جمع حروب ہے اور کہا جاتا ہے کہ ان کے درمیان لڑائی واقع ہوئی اور دارالحرب ایسے...
Travelogue is a firm of literature which describes nation and people according to their history, civilization, politics, economics, and culture and presents cities and culture by showing the ideologies and manners/moralities, economics and society in the time when there were no transportation and the travelogues were the only source to get information. Because travelogue consists of the details about history and society, thus it has a tremendous amount of information and by offering characteristics of places and personalities. Moreover, travelogue describe personalities and events in the context of society and culture which provides a rich material to geologists, historicists as well as to the scholars of society ( sociologists) and students of literature and others.
Changing climatic conditions in combination with increasing salinity and drought stress is a real challenge in developing robust crop plants with sustainable growth and production. Pakistan is the fifth top-most grower but 11th largest producer of sugarcane. Abiotic and biotic stresses are major impediments lowering its yield. Advancements in molecular approaches provide a swift solution to alleviate these stresses. Sugarcane has complex genome and various endogenous stress responsive genes have potential to combat abiotic stresses. A novel stress responsive gene Scdr1 was charcaterized in indigenous elite sugarcane genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed prevelance of thisstress responsive gene in various monocots including maize, sorghum, wheat and rice etc. Seven indigenous sugarcane genotypes (S2003-US-127, S2006-US-272, CP-77400, CPF-246, CPF-247, S2003-US-778 and CPF-248) were grown in pots and exposed to salt stress (170 mM). Expression analysis of Scdr1 gene was carried out in the aforementioned genotypes by realtime quantitative PCR. It appeard to be salt stress inducible as expression of the gene was higher in salt treated plants as compared to plants growing under normal conditions. However, its expression was maximum in CP-77400 and minmum in genotypes CPF-246 and S2003-US-778 under salt stress. For the functional characterization and localization of the Scdr1 protein, it was translationally fused with GFP as well as co-transformed with endoplasmic reticulum fluoresent marker (CD3-959-ER-rk). Moving protein bodies were observed in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaf cells under confocal laser scanning microscope but appropriate location of the protein was not traceable, perhaps owing to overexpression of the protein. Y2H cDNA library was constructed to identify the potential interactors of this stress responsive protein. It appeared to interact with the proteins involved in abiotic as well as biotic stress tolerance. To validate, its role in biotic stress tolerance, red rot resistant (CPF-246, S2006-US-658) and susceptible genotypes (S2003-US-127, SPF-234) were inoculated with Colletotrichum falcatum and quantitative expression analysis was performed. Scdr1 was significantly up-regulated in resistant genotypes whereas down-regulated in susceptible genotypes. Hence, in addition to abiotic stress tolerance, Scdr1 was proposed to play some crucial role in biotic stress tolerance as well. Considering the importance of Scdr1 gene in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, it was synthetically developed and cloned under maize ubiquitin promoter (Ubi), nos terminator and was physically linked with selectable marker gene (bar) cloned under CaMV35 S promoter and terminator. Scdr1 construct (Ubi P:Scdr1:nos T::35S P:bar:35ST) was transformed into tobacco as well as in dark proliferated sugarcane calli. Bombarded calli/ leaf discs were shifted to regeneration medium supplemented with PPT. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed with PCR using maize ubiquitin promoter and nos terminator specific primers. Quantitative real time PCR was performed to seek for transcript level of the recombinant Scdr1. It appeared to be 1.4 folds higher in the transformed plants as compared with un-transformed plants of the genotype S2003-US-778.Hence, sugarcane plants with over-expression of recombinant Scdr1 gene were developed which are expected to be better tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses.