The ecological response of the extinct artiodactyls towards vegetational and environmental changes in the early Miocene to early Pleistocene ecosystems of the Siwaliks is analyzed in seven artiodactyl families named as Giraffidae, Tragulidae, Cervidae, Hippopotamidae, Anthracotheriidae, Suidae and Bovidae by using comparative occurrence of a dental defect, enamel hypoplasia in these artiodactyls. Enamel hypoplasia is the thinning of enamel caused by depletion of ameloblasts (enamel forming cells) during tooth development. The depletion of ameloblasts is associated with the physiological or environmental stress that an animal had faced during its life history, so this dental defect can provide us a permanent and reliable record of the ecological stress faced by an animal during its tooth development. The 848 teeth of 487 extinct individuals belong to 39 artiodactyl species are used in current enamel hypoplasia analysis in order to trace out the impact of Neogene and Quaternary Stress events on these animals. These studied fossils have a chronological range of 18.3-0.6 Ma and belong to the Siwalik out croups in northern Pakistan. This is most possibly first ever order level study for comparative analysis of enamel hypoplasia in any of the Neogene deposits around the globe. The results of the present study revealed that the early Pliocene Siwalik tragulids had high occurrence of enamel hypoplasia as compared to the middle Miocene Siwalik tragulids (p<0.05) as tragulids prefer warm ecosystems. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of enamel hypoplasia for the Siwalik cervids during the Pliocene epoch (p<0.05) due to drier and cooler environmental conditions along with increased seasonality. The percentage for occurrence of enamel hypoplasia was high in the anthracotheroides throughout their existence in the Siwaliks indicating significant level of stress to anthracotheroides that ultimately lead to family level extinction of this group. Enamel hypoplasia occurrence shows increment of stress for the Siwalik hippopotamids in early Pliocene to onwards habitats. The moderate level of stress for the Siwalik giraffids, suids and bovids having no significant difference in various Siwalik intervals is inferred by enamel hypoplasia results in these artiodactyls (p>0.05). Comparatively high multiple linear enamel hypoplasia in the Pliocene Siwalik artiodactyls points out that climatic changes of the Pliocene in the Siwaliks were episodic in nature. The increased seasonality, aridity and glaciation events triggered the C3 to C4 vegetational shifts which might have posed a very high level of stress to these Siwalik artiodactyls leading to speciation and extinction of various taxa in the Siwalik region.
مولوی سید محمد احمد صاحب کاظمی ابھی یہ سطریں زیر تحریر تھیں کہ مولوی سید محمد احمد صاحب کاظمی ایڈوکیٹ الٰہ آباد کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، مرحوم پرانے اور پکے کانگریسی تھے، ہر زمانہ میں اپنے مسلک پر قائم رہے، قوم پروری کے ساتھ دیندار بھی تھے، اور ان کے دل میں مذہب و ملت کا بھی درد تھا،اور مسلمانوں کے بعض مفید کام انہوں نے انجام دیئے، پارلیمنٹ کے ممبر بھی رہے تھے، اور مسلمانوں کے نظام قضا کے متعلق ایک بل بھی پیش کیا تھا، لیکن پھر اس کے انجام کا پتہ نہ چلا، ایسے نیشنلسٹ اب مشکل سے ملیں گے، جو ملک و وطن اور مذہب و ملت کے حقوق میں توازن قائم رکھ سکیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ مرحوم کی ملی خدمات کو قبول اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۵۹ء)
Congenital anomalies are a major health problem all over the world; especially it is important cause of deaths and birth defects, chronic illness and disability in infants. The major cause of this is consanguineous marriages. Generation of cousin marriages have significant association with congenital anomalies Objective: To find out the association of consanguineous marriages with congenital anomaliespresent at the time of birthMethods: A cross sectional study was conducted at District Head Quarter Hospital, Okarafrom May to August, 2018. 100 adult individuals aged between 19 to 55 years, with and without cousin marriage of both genders were consecutively enrolled. Participants were assessed through pre-tested questionnaire, with prior written informed consent. Unwilling married individuals and individuals from other hospitals were not selected Results: According to resultsthere was a significant association between generation of cousin marriages with congenital anomalies present at the time of birth, as p value was 0.002Conclusions: Study concluded that the generation of cousin marriages has significant association with congenital anomalies present at the time of birth and due to cousin marriage 59% of the couples had congenital abnormalities in their children and 85% had genetic disorders.
The study is an attempt to investigate effect of home environment and school environment on personality development and academic achievement of secondary school students. The objectives of the study were, to investigate the effect of Home environment on Personality development and academic achievement of students, to explore the effect of school environment on Personality development and academic achievement of students, to find out the combined the effect of home environment and school environment on personality development and academic achievement of students; and to compare the relationship of home environment and school environment with personality development and academic achievement for different categories of students. A self reporting survey research design was adopted to conduct this research. Four research instruments comprising of home environment, school environment, relationship of staff members at school and personality inventory were used to collect data from students. Information about the academic achievement of the students was obtained by collecting their 9th grade result from Gazette book of Board of intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Abbottabad, 2013. Mean, Standard Deviation, Percentile, Multiple Regression Model, and Carl Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the collected data. Major findings of study revealed that there were variations in terms of effect of home environment and school environment on Five Big Factors of personality and academic achievement of secondary school students. It was also found that home environment and school environment collectively affect the Five Big Factors of personality as well as academic achievement of secondary school students. On the basis of findings it was recommended that there is a need to train parents and teachers about their role in shaping personality and better academic achievement of secondary school students. It was also recommended that parental awareness about the provision of conducive home environment may be promoted through different measures. Conducive school environment in terms of teachers’ awareness about their role in balanced development of personality and academic achievement of students may be provided through different measures like provision of in service training, arrangement of seminars and workshops, and guidance and counseling centers at schools.