Disparity in Political Participation on Social Media Public Sphere among Male and Female Students

Social media has become a key term in new participatory political discourse. Previous studies argued that youth is least interested in democracies and politics; hence, this study aims to explore the role of social media in increasing political participation among male and female university students. Data was collected from a sample of 340 students, chosen from equal gender proportion of five universities with purposive sampling technique to conduct quantitative survey research. The findings of study revealed a positive relationship between political participation and social media usage of students. It also confirms that majority respondents were using social media for political information but the trend is more popular among the male students as compared to females. Male participants were more involved in discussing politics and posting political content on social media, while females were more active in actionable politics like casting vote. The study concludes that social media is playing a significant role in enhancing political participation among university students and predicts a better future of democracies in social media world as new technology provides the language that young voters understand. It also realized that measures are required to attract female students towards participatory politics in Pakistan. ______

Molecular Detection and Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus from Buffalo Milk in District Muzaffargarh

Milk is an important food component in our country and has great nutritious value. But contamination of milk makes it harmful for health. Staphylococcus aureus is a zoonotic pathogen which can cause a potential threat to the public health. The S. aureus associated infections affect the animal?s milk quality and quantity which create a burden on the economics industry.The main purpose of our research was to identify the rate of the possibility of the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the available raw milk at Muzaffer Garh district. Total 100 samples were collected from different areas of district Muzaffargarh, such as Jutoi, Alipur, Kotadu, Murad Abad, Choak Qureshi, Ahmadpur, Ruhilan Wali, shahjamal, Khanpur and Muzaffargarh city. Isolation of S. aureus and the detection of S. aureus was performed by the used of biochemical and molecular tests from the collected samples. The samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar which contained a high concentration of salt which sport the growth of gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Micrococcaceae). Yellow zones appeared in 80 samples which indicated the presence of S. aureus and then detected by gram staining which showed 80/100(80%) positive results. S. aureus fermentation test showed 76/100(76%) positive results and other biochemical tests such as catalase test 63/100(63%), coagulase test 52/100(52%), methyl red (MR) test 42/100(42%), Voges Proskauer (VP) test 40/100(40%). Finally, the detected colonies were subculture and DNA was extracted from that bacterial culture. Molecular detection was done through PCR. To amplify the sequences of 16S rRNA gene, PCR assay was used which is considered to be the standard for detection of S. aureus by using the nuc gene 447bp. The PCR products were analyzed by the visualization of agarose gel electrophoresis. There were 11 samples out of 100 samples, showed positive results for the detection of S. aureus. Ten different areas of Muzaffargarh district showed the different tendency of the existence of S. aureus, such as S. aureus detected in raw milk of buffalo of Alipur 1/10(10%). The S. aureus existence in buffalo milk of Jutoi 2/10(20%), Murad Abad 1/10(10%), Ruhilan Wali 1/10(10%), city Muzaffargarh 2/10(20%), Khanpur 1/10(10%), Ahmadpur 1/10(20%), Shahjamal 1/10(10%) while samples collected from Kotadu and Choak Qureshi showed negative PCR results for S. aureus. This study indicated the potential of staphylococcal food poisoning and health risks in district Muzaffargarh. Poor hygienic conditions effect the bacterial growth and S. aureus availability also related to the hygienic conditions.