Present investigation was aimed to formulate an efficient phosphatic bio-fertilizer to supplement or substitute chemical fertilizers and to evaluate its effect on the availability of P for growth and yield of wheat. For this purpose rock phosphate enriched compost (RPEC) was prepared and the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was evaluated for phosphorus availability through composting. Impact of PGPR alone or in combination with different (organic and inorganic) fertilizers were studied on wheat crop grown under natural conditions of field and axenic condition of pots. In the first experiment, poultry litter alone and in combination with rock phosphate was composted with and without PGPR (Pseudomonas sp. and Proteus sp.) inoculation in pits for 120 days (d) and shuffled with 10 d interval for proper aeration. The RPEC prepared by the combination of poultry litter, rock phosphate (RP) and Pseudomonas sp. inoculation showed maximum total phosphorus, available (Mehlic-3 extracted) phosphorus, microbial biomass (carbon and phosphorus), but lower total organic carbon, total nitrogen and carbon/nitrogen ratio over poultry litter without inoculation and addition of RP. Pseudomonas sp. enhanced P solubilization from rock phosphate (RP) and showed 79% higher P availability from RP added poultry litter over un-inoculated treatment on 120th day of composting. Experiments under natural condition of field as well as under axenic condition in pots were conducted for two consecutive years. The residual impact of the treatments were also studied on soil chemical and biological properties. The wheat seeds were surface sterilized and inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. (Accession No. KF307201) and Proteus sp. (Accession No. KF307202) at the rate 106cells ml- 1 prior to sowing. Seven treatments; simple poultry litter (SPLC), Rock phosphate enriched compost (RPEC1, inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. during composting), RPEC2 (solubilized with Proteus sp. during composting), Rock phosphate, Half recommended dose of inorganic P fertilizer (HDP) and Full recommended dose of inorganic P fertilizer (FDP) were applied with and without seed inoculation of PGPR (Pseudomonas sp. and Proteus sp.). Average of two year data on field and pot experiments showed increase in plant height, number of tillers, grain yield, dry matter yield, seed phosphorus and plant P-uptake with application of Pseudomonas sp. solubilized rock phosphate enriched compost compared to recommended dose of inorganic (single super phosphate) fertilizer. The chlorophyll content and phytohormones (Indole Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid) in flag leaves were also enhanced with application of rock phosphate enriched vii compost. Post-harvest soil phosphorus availability, nitrate nitrogen content, extractable potassium, alkaline phosphatase activity and microbial biomass increased with the application of rock phosphate enriched compost over full recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer. Moreover, seed inoculation with PGPR (Pseudomonas sp.) also significantly increased yield and yield parameters of wheat and post-harvest soil properties over un-inoculated treatments. Economic analysis in terms of value cost ratio showed 3.23:1 from the treatment where RPEC in combination with Pseudomonas sp. seed inoculation was applied. Thus rock phosphate enriched compost can be used as an alternate to inorganic phosphatic fertilizers and seed inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. can enhance wheat growth and yield applied in combination with enriched compost. In another experiment, wheat (AGS2060) root phosphatase activity was also determined in presence of different P sources; compost (C), rock phosphate (RP), single super phosphate (SSP), C + RP, C + SSP, RP + SSP, C +RP + SSP and results showed maximum (447%) increase in P mineralization with compost (C) grown roots over SSP. It was inferred that compost is the best source to mineralize organic P for better crop production.
The formatted initiatives of history of Arabic literature are, as ancient as illiterate era. The age had plenty of almost all literary arts, although it were not in the managed shape like Islamic and mode eras. This age had both the literary arts i.e. poetry and prose. The first one was given full attention for hearing, singing and remembering, while the prose was about to be ignored in these aspects. Despite of done practice, some prosaic arts were orally noted and copied generation to generation. Later on, the arts were put down in their proper chapters with the development of the literature in omade and abase tenures. Some varieties of the prosaic arts are hereby introduced with explanation of its historical background, famous authorities, necessity and samples. This research contains on three sections with research study of three main arts; phrases, golden words and addresses. This research is made in descriptive manner in Urdu language. The purpose is, to make Urdu literates know the limitations of Arabic prosaic arts of illiterate era. Thus, it will be a new addition for Urdu literates and writers.
In the present work, the synthesis of a series of stable cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper oxide (CuO), zinc selenide (ZnSe) quantum dots (QDs) and CdTe nanoneedles (NNs) has been reported. The nanostructures of CdTe and ZnSe are protected against rapid oxidation by capping with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), whereas in case of CuO QDs mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) is used as a capping agent. Formation of cadmium and zinc mercaptopropionic acid complex and copper mercaptoacetate complex makes a dense shell on the surface of the nanoparticles. This not only reduces the traps on surface of the QDs, but also acts as a steric fence to control the growth of QDs and create an improved external structure. Two types of the azobenzene photochromes (4-((3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl) benzoic acid (FHDBA) and 5-((4-chlorophenyl) diazenyl)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde (CPDHB) are successfully synthesized and attached to the exterior of the synthesized QDs. FHDBA and CPDHB can be switched from trans- to cis-isomer upon UV irradiation and in the dark it reverts to trans-isomer. These two azocompounds work as an effective photoswitch to quench the photoluminescence (PL) of the QDs due to reversible trans to cis interconversion by transferring electron from the conduction band of QDs to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the cis isomer of FHDBA or CPDHB. This suggests that these azo compounds are unique photo-responsive molecules that can offer the opportunity to design fluorescent probes for bioimaging and to design data and energy storage devices. Very fast photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from ZnSe QDs to CdTe NNs has also been observed in the ZnSe QDs attached CdTe NNs (ZnSe QD/CdTe NN nano-hybrid structure) and the efficiency of transfer of electron can be controlled through the quantum confinement of ZnSe QDs. Fast PET from ZnSe QDs to CdTe NNs suggests its applications in the field of solar energy harvesting in photovoltaics. The optical properties of these nanostructures were monitored by UV-Vis, steady-state PL and time-resolved PL studies, while crystalline properties were monitored by XRD and SAED studies. The morphological analysis of these nanostructures is obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM. For the examination of the intermolecular interactions among the organic ligands and inorganic nanostructures Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) analysis was carried out.