Present investigation was aimed to formulate an efficient phosphatic bio-fertilizer to supplement or substitute chemical fertilizers and to evaluate its effect on the availability of P for growth and yield of wheat. For this purpose rock phosphate enriched compost (RPEC) was prepared and the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was evaluated for phosphorus availability through composting. Impact of PGPR alone or in combination with different (organic and inorganic) fertilizers were studied on wheat crop grown under natural conditions of field and axenic condition of pots. In the first experiment, poultry litter alone and in combination with rock phosphate was composted with and without PGPR (Pseudomonas sp. and Proteus sp.) inoculation in pits for 120 days (d) and shuffled with 10 d interval for proper aeration. The RPEC prepared by the combination of poultry litter, rock phosphate (RP) and Pseudomonas sp. inoculation showed maximum total phosphorus, available (Mehlic-3 extracted) phosphorus, microbial biomass (carbon and phosphorus), but lower total organic carbon, total nitrogen and carbon/nitrogen ratio over poultry litter without inoculation and addition of RP. Pseudomonas sp. enhanced P solubilization from rock phosphate (RP) and showed 79% higher P availability from RP added poultry litter over un-inoculated treatment on 120th day of composting. Experiments under natural condition of field as well as under axenic condition in pots were conducted for two consecutive years. The residual impact of the treatments were also studied on soil chemical and biological properties. The wheat seeds were surface sterilized and inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. (Accession No. KF307201) and Proteus sp. (Accession No. KF307202) at the rate 106cells ml- 1 prior to sowing. Seven treatments; simple poultry litter (SPLC), Rock phosphate enriched compost (RPEC1, inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. during composting), RPEC2 (solubilized with Proteus sp. during composting), Rock phosphate, Half recommended dose of inorganic P fertilizer (HDP) and Full recommended dose of inorganic P fertilizer (FDP) were applied with and without seed inoculation of PGPR (Pseudomonas sp. and Proteus sp.). Average of two year data on field and pot experiments showed increase in plant height, number of tillers, grain yield, dry matter yield, seed phosphorus and plant P-uptake with application of Pseudomonas sp. solubilized rock phosphate enriched compost compared to recommended dose of inorganic (single super phosphate) fertilizer. The chlorophyll content and phytohormones (Indole Acetic Acid and Gibberellic Acid) in flag leaves were also enhanced with application of rock phosphate enriched vii compost. Post-harvest soil phosphorus availability, nitrate nitrogen content, extractable potassium, alkaline phosphatase activity and microbial biomass increased with the application of rock phosphate enriched compost over full recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer. Moreover, seed inoculation with PGPR (Pseudomonas sp.) also significantly increased yield and yield parameters of wheat and post-harvest soil properties over un-inoculated treatments. Economic analysis in terms of value cost ratio showed 3.23:1 from the treatment where RPEC in combination with Pseudomonas sp. seed inoculation was applied. Thus rock phosphate enriched compost can be used as an alternate to inorganic phosphatic fertilizers and seed inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. can enhance wheat growth and yield applied in combination with enriched compost. In another experiment, wheat (AGS2060) root phosphatase activity was also determined in presence of different P sources; compost (C), rock phosphate (RP), single super phosphate (SSP), C + RP, C + SSP, RP + SSP, C +RP + SSP and results showed maximum (447%) increase in P mineralization with compost (C) grown roots over SSP. It was inferred that compost is the best source to mineralize organic P for better crop production.
ہسپتال دی نرس لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں سُن کے دکھ مریضاں دیویں خوشیاں لکھ ہزاراں چٹی وردی سوہنی تیری پئی دلاں نوں بھاوے ویکھن والا ول ول ویکھے ایڈا شوق ودھاوے ایہہ وی تیرا شوق ہے رکھدی لگیاں توڑ نبھاوے نال تیرے ایہہ جاسی جس دم جاسیں جنگل باراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں تن دی کریں صفائی بہتی ایہہ تیری مجبوری رکھناں خوش مریضاں تائیں ایہہ وی بہت ضروری من دی کریں صفائی جئے توں پاویں قرب حضوری عزت ہوسی تیری جیویں ہوندی نیکو کاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں کونجاں وانگ اکٹھے رہنا رل مل کرو اوتارا جتھے جائو لہر خوشی دی خوشیاں دا ورتارا ہمدردی تے جذبے تیرے موہ لیا اے جگ سارا تیرے نال ہے رونق سارے گھر تے وچ بازارں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں
تیرے ورگا حوصلہ مینوں کدھرے نظر نہ آوے ہر دی گل ہس کے سن لیناں تیری شان ودھاوے وچ مریضاں ٹرنا پھرنا بہتا درد گھٹاوے تیرے اس جذبے نوں میں تے دیواں داد ہزاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں ڈاکٹراں سنگ سہاندی ایں توں ، تاہیوں اوہ خوش رہندے ول ول تیریاں کرن تعریفاں اک دوجے سنگ بہندے ناز ادا تے نخرے تیرے نال خوشی دے سہندے واہ وا دل نوں بھائی جاون تیریاں خوش گفتاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں ویکھ اقبالؔ ایہہ سسٹر سیانی گجھیاں مرضاں جانے ایہدے دارو نال تے یارو جاندے دکھ پرانے نیک نمازی ، خدمت گار تے ہوئے فضل ربانے اوہدی جے کر محفل بہیے کھڑکن دل دیاں تاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج...
This paper focuses the issue of shrinking civic space in Pakistan. The study presents civil society activists’ responses on this issue, highlights their perception, present and future strategies to address this issue, and their effectiveness, as such, as well. Pakistan presents a unique case due to its involvement in the ‘war on terror’ and the consequences being faced by both the state and society at large. Present shrinking of civil society action is directly linked with it. In an attempt to grapple with the problems emerging from ‘war on terror’, the overgrown state is encroaching upon citizens’ space, thus denying the civil society to play its due role which can provide safety for the state as well. The preferred strategies of the NGOs include lobbying with parliamentarians and mobilizing the citizenry about the situation.
Brucellosis is a highly infectious disease which induces significant economic losses to the livestock industry by causing abortion and production losses in ruminants. Additionally, Brucella has zoonotic potential to cause Malta fever in humans. Brucella has many species which infect their particular hosts. However mix livestock farming and sharing of same pasture may enhance cross-species transmission to non-preferred hosts. Cross-transmission of Brucella species to peripheral hosts greatly complicates the diagnosis of brucellosis in both animals and humans. There are many risk factors involved in brucellosis. Among these factors ectoparasites, particularly ticks, are important vectors that haven’t received much scrutiny from epidemiologists investigating this disease. Ticks belong to class Arachnida and subclass Acarina. Ticks harbor uncountable microbes in their gut and as a clade transmit bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens to animals and humans; these pathogens are referred to as tick-borne diseases (TBD). Brucella is one of the TBD which has been reported previously in many countries, in Pakistan, however, no investigations have been conducted regarding brucellosis in ticks. In view of the economic importance of brucellosis, the present study was designed to investigate the inter-species transmission of brucellosis in nonpreferred hosts using molecular-based tests, comparative evaluation of molecular techniques and preferred clinical specimens for diagnosis of brucellosis, to investigate the role of ticks as vectors of brucellosis and histopathological investigations of skin and hides of tick infested ruminants. In present study blood, serum and ticks were collected from 692 tick infested cattle, 798 buffalo, 471 sheep and 960 goats having a history of abortions in a farm, sharing of same pasture, close contact and mixed farming of small and large ruminants. All serum samples were subjected to screening with Rose-Bengal Plate test. After screening with RBPT the seropositive serum samples were subjected to duplex conventional and real-time PCR for diagnosis of brucellosis, crosstransmission of Brucella species, and comparative evaluation of real-time PCR with conventional PCR. The blood samples of respective seropositive samples were subjected to real-time PCR for comparative evaluation of serum with the blood for a preferred specimen. Seronegative samples were also diagnosed by real-time PCR assay to investigate the role of non-reactive ruminants in brucellosis. Ticks harvested from real-time PCR positive ruminants were identified; female ticks were subjected to real-time PCR assay. The tissue samples of naturally tick infested skins and hides were studied at the microscopic level. We uncovered cross-species transmission of B. abortus in caprine and ovine serum samples while B. melitensis DNA traces were detected in bovine serum samples. Brucellosis was detected in seronegative small and large ruminants. We also developed and tested a real-time PCR assay more sensitive than conventional PCR and established that brucellosis detection was more accurate when serum samples were used rather than whole blood. The presence of DNA from several Brucella species were detected in ticks using real-time PCR assay. Histopathological examination showed ticks cause significant damage to skin and hides by inducing degenration of the epidermal layer from basal layer, collagen degeneration with a focal area of necrosis, adjacent subdermal abscess and infiltration of neutrophils. Control of ticks should be given consideration to reduce the severity of hide damage and concomitant losses in the domestic leather industry. Ticks are known as a vector of numerous pathogens; efforts are underway to educate farmers about financial loss of skin and hide due to tick infestation and preventive control measures