دور حاضر میں کرنسیوں کے ادھار خرید و فروخت کا شرعی جائزہ

Foreign Exchange trading is when you buy and sell foreign currencies to generate profit. In our age of advance technology even the virtual or digital currencies have now emerged. This entire business however is mostly based upon speculation and prediction. Even the most skilled and experienced traders face difficulty in predicting movements in currencies. Further, the value of not well established currencies can fluctuate or its exchange rate value can change any time. In view of occupying central place in the economic systems down the ages, Muslim scholars have also vehemently discussed currency, its significanc and matters relating to it in transactions. The present article reviews trading of foreign currencies from Islamic perspective in a situation when no cash is involved in the transaction. The article concludes that as the currencies in such transactions are different commodities, therefore their trade is legal.

Microorganisms Causing Urinary Tract Infection Uti &Amp; Their Susceptibility Among Children Aged 0 to 5 Years at French Medical Institute for Children, Kabul Afghanistan

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the common medical problem affecting children that lead to frequent clinic visit and hospitalization. Undiagnosed, untreated UTI may lead to renal scoring, hypertension and end stage renal disease, early detection and treatment of UTI in children must be prompt. Objective: To isolate the causative organisms causing UTI among children of 0-5 years of age and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated microorganisms. Methodology: Clinical data and outcome were prospectively analyzed for 140 patients with confirmed diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) based on urine culture and sensitivity report. The data collected from June to August 2015 and the study done on Afghan children who were aged between 0 to 5 years included data of outpatients and admitted patients came to clinic at FMIC Kabul Afghanistan. Results: A total of one hundred and forty (n=140) children aged 0 to 5 years with UTI were included in this study. Out of 140 patients, 94 (67.14%) were female, while 46 (32.82%) were male. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were the most common isolated uropathogen. out of 89 cases of E.coi; 62.14 % cases showed their highest sensitivity to Augmentin, Aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporin while, 37.86% exhibited their extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) properties which, showed their highest sensitivity to Amikacine, Fosfomycine and Imipenem. The second common uropathogen was Klebsiella pneumonia 7.86% followed by Serratia odorifera 7.14%, Enterococcus 5.71%, Proteus 6.46% and others 9.29%. Conclusion: Culture conformation and proper treatment of the organisms causing UTI in children is the key to success. E.coli is the leading uropathogen which showed its highest 7 sensitivity to Augmentin, Amino glycosides and third generation cephalosporin which are still the most suitable agents for empiric therapy in pediatric UTI. At the hospital setting, E-coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were the organisms that exhibited extended spectrum Beta- lactamase (ESBL) properties which revealed that, resistance to commonly used antibiotics is on the rise. The treatment recommendations of community acquired uropathogen should be based on individual urine culture conformation and sensitivity result.