A series of experiments were carried out during two consecutive years (2013-2014) at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad on the interference of Parthenium hysterophorus weed and its management in forage sorghum. The effect of different weed density (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 plants m-2), competition periods (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks after emergence and full season competition) and different Parthenium hysterophorus management techniques (weedy check, hoeing after 3 weeks of emergence, dicamba 100 % dose, dicamba 100 % dose with 1 % ammonium sulphate, dicamba 100 % dose with 2 % ammonium sulphate, dicamba 75 % dose with 1 % ammonium sulphate, dicamba 75 % dose with 2 % ammonium sulphate) on Parthenium hysterophorus fresh and dry weight, NPK uptake by Parthenium hysterophorus, forage sorghum yield, yield components and forage quality was studied in separate experiments under field conditions. Results showed that fresh and dry weight of Parthenium hysterophorus and NPK uptake of Parthenium hysterophorus weed increased with increased in Parthenium hysterophorus weed density and competition duration periods and maximum values for these parameters were recorded at density of 16 plants m-2 and at full season competition period. Yield and yield components of forage sorghum (plant height, stem diameter, no. of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, leaf to stem ratio, green forage yield and dry matter yield) were reduced with increased Parthenium hysterophorus weed density from 2-16 plants m-2 and with extending the competition periods from 4 weeks to full season competition. Reduction in green forage yield 0.61% - 24.97 % in 2013 and 1.02 % - 26.44 % in 2014 was observed when Parthenium hysterophorus density increased from 2-16 plants m-2 and 2.43 %- 17.71 % reduction in yield occurred with extending the competition periods from 4 weeks to full season competition. The suggested economic threshold level for Parthenium hysterophorus weed was 1.6 plants m-2 in 2013 and 2.2 plants m-2 in 2014 and 5 weeks after emergence seems to be a critical competition period. The crude protein and ash contents were decreased with increased density of Parthenium hysterophorus and extending the competition periods. Whereas the contents of ADF and NDF increased with increase in Parthenium hysterophorus density and competition periods. EEF (ether extractable fat) contents were not influenced significantly both by density and competition periods. All herbicide treatments dicamba alone or in combination with ammonium sulphate and reduced dose of dicamba in combination with ammonium sulphate improved the weed control efficiency (WCE), yield and yield attributes over the weedy check and hand hoeing practice. Application of dicamba full dose with 2 % xviii ammonium sulphate proved superior with 79.60 % weed controlling efficiency (WCE) followed by application of dicamba full dose with 1 % ammonium sulphate with 73.51 % WCE but both these treatments were statistically similar in affecting yield and yield components (plant height, stem diameter, no. of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, leaf to stem ratio, green forage yield, dry matter yield) and increase in fresh fodder yield was 26.39 % and 20.48 % due to application of dicamba 100 % dose with 2 % ammonium sulphate and dicamba 100 % dose with 1 % ammonium sulphate, respectively over weedy check treatment. Maximum ash and crude protein contents and minimum ADF and NDF contents were observed with the use of dicamba 100 % dose + 2 % ammonium sulphate while ether extractable fat contents were not influenced significantly by Parthenium hysterophorus management strategies. So it is recommended that Parthenium hysterophorus in forage sorghum must be controlled at density of 2.2 plants m-2 within 5 weeks after emergence with the application of full dose dicamba (304.5 g a.i. ha-1) with 2 % ammonium sulphate as an adjuvant with dicamba.
شرح خواندگی اور معاشی خوشحالی پڑھو گے، لکھو گے بنو گے نواب جو کھیلو گے، کُودو گے، ہو گے خراب خواندن مصدر ہے اور اس کے معنی ومفہوم پڑھنے کے بارے میں ہے۔ اور معاشی خوشحالی سے مراد یہ ہے کہ انسان معاشی لحاظ سے خوش حال ہو، ان کا اٹھنا بیٹھنا، کھانا پینا، سفروحضر ایک معیاری قسم کا ہو، ان کے رہن سہن، چال ڈھال میں ایک پر مسرّت اور خوشحال انسان کی جھلک نمایاں ہو۔ معاشی طور پر خوشحال انسان ہی اپنے بارے، اپنی اولادکے بارے میں، اپنے خویش و اقارب کے بارے میں، اپنے احباب کے بارے میں مثبت سوچ کا حامل ہوسکتا ہے، اور اس معاشی خوشحالی کے لیے ایک انسان کا رشتہ تعلیم سے استوار ہونا انتہائی ناگزیر ہے۔ تعلیم انسان کو ایک عظیم انسان بناتی ہے، ایک صاحب شعور فرد بناتی ہے ،تعلیم سے روشنی میسر آتی ہے، علم ایک ایسا نور اور روشنی ہے جس سے جہالت کے اندھیرے دور ہوتے ہیں، انسان کے دل و دماغ عرفان وآگہی کے نور سے منور ہوتے ہیں ،علم ہی کی بدولت انسان حق و باطل اور خیر وشر میں فرق کرنا سیکھتا ہے۔ علم ہی کی بدولت انسان کی خوابیدہ صلاحیتیں بیدار ہوتی ہیں اورعلم ہی کی وجہ سے انسان کے رہن سہن اور طرزِ زندگی میں تہذیب وشائستگی پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ اس میں تعصب اور تنگ نظری کی بجائے فراخ دلی اور رواداری ، خودغرضی کی بجائے ایثار، غرور ونخوت کی بجائے عجز و انکسار ، حرص اور لالچ کی بجائے صبر و قناعت ، حسد اور نفرت کی بجائے محبت اور اخوت جیسے اوصاف پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ تعلیم ہی کے ذریعے مرصعّ انسان ہی معاشی خوشحالی کا ضامن ہوتا ہے، اگر کسان پڑھا لکھا ہوگا تو اس کی کھیتی بھی زیادہ ہوگی ، اس کی فصل میں اضافہ...
The wasaṭiyyah (Islamic moderation) concept is deep-rooted in Islam. It is a straight path, a good between two evils; it maintains balance between the two extremes of excess and deficiency, and between fanaticism and negligence. Moderation was widely practiced with the advent of Islam. It was a noteworthy aspect of people’s day to day life and conducts. The term wasaṭiyyah (moderation) emerged in the early eighties. It was initially introduced by Shiekh Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwī. He used it in his books and discourses, and gradually it become very prevalent. Few factors resulted in widespread use of the term, the main factor is the western systematic campaign against Islam and Muslims to distort their image and label them with terrorism and extremism. Therefore, they frequently used the term wasaṭiyyah to prove themselves against these accusations. Another factor is the current situation in most Muslim countries and their struggle with social and political injustice which turns Muslim youth to extremism and terrorism that is why Muslim scholars and reformers, through their moderate discourse, stood up and condemned fanaticism and radical ideology. All that made the term wasaṭiyyah widely used by different people from all walks of life, and each has its aims and intentions behind embracing the moderate discourse and raising the flag of wasaṭiyyah (moderation).
Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) consist of a large number of low power nodes, with limited processing, communication, and storage resources. Large scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are highly vulnerable to attacks because they consist of numerous resource constrained devices communicating via wireless links.The standard security requirements in WSNs include confiden- tiality, authentication and availability. These security requirements can be provided by encryption and authentication services which in turn demands a comprehensive key management scheme. The goal of key management is to pre-distribute cryptographic keys or keying materials among the nodes prior to the deployment, revoke keys if nodes leave the network, assign new keys to the nodes joining the network and periodically refreshing the keys. However, providing key manage- ment in WSNs is difficult due to the unknown network topology prior to deployment, intermittent connectivity and resource limitations of the sensor network environment. Key management schemes consider hierarchical HSN consisting of a small number of high-end sensors (H-node) and a large number of low-end sensors (L-node). A key generation process is incorporated, where instead of generating a large pool of random keys, a key pool is represented by a small number of generation keys, in order to address storage overhead problem in the con- straint sensor nodes. For a given generation key and a publicly known seed value, a keyed-hash function generates a key chain; these key chains collectively make a key pool. In the scheme proposed, after discovering the shared pairwise keys with neighbors, all H-node and L-node de- stroy their initial key rings and generate new key rings by applying one-way hash function on node’s ID and initial key ring. As a consequence, new nodes can still be added in the network beyond the initial deployment even after the deletion of initial key rings from nodes memory. In addition, a self-healing group key distribution scheme is developed for secure multicast commu-nications in HSN environment. This scheme presents a strategy for securely distributing rekeying messages and specifies techniques for joining and leaving a group. Access control in multicast system is usually achieved by encrypting the content using an encryption key, known as the group key (session key) that is only known by the group controller and all legitimate group members. In proposed scheme, all rekeying messages, except for unicast of an individual key, are transmitted without any encryption using one-way hash function and XOR operation. Further, nodes are capa- ble of recovering lost session keys on their own, without requesting additional transmission from the group controller. Also the time-limited node revocation is achieved without any intervention from the GC. This research reports the implementation and the performance of the proposed schemes on Cross- bow’s MicaZ motes running TinyOS and evaluates the computation and storage costs of two keyed-hash algorithms for key chain generation, HMAC-SHA1 and HMAC-MD5. The results show that proposed scheme can significantly reduce the storage requirements as compared to other random key pre-distribution schemes. The performance analysis of the collusion resistant mechanism shows that even if a large number of nodes are compromised, an adversary can only exploit a small number of keys nearby the compromised nodes, while other keys in the network remain safe. Also, the resiliency against node capture is better than previous key pre-distribution schemes. The security analysis of secure group key distribution scheme shows that the proposed scheme is computationally secure and meets the security requirements for forward and backward secrecy.