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Home > Competitive Ability of Different Suppressive Plants to Manage Parthenium Weed Parthenium Hysterophorus L.

Competitive Ability of Different Suppressive Plants to Manage Parthenium Weed Parthenium Hysterophorus L.

Thesis Info

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Author

Sadiq Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13565/1/Sadiq_Ali_Weed_Science_2017_UA_Peshawar.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725773379

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Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is a weed of a national significance in Pakistan. Although, Parthenium weed is infesting many parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but more affected regions are Peshawar valley and Hazara division where it has enormously invaded most of the open spaces like roadsides, wasteland and water ways resulting in loss of local biodiversity. To manage this weed, comprehensive studies including field survey, laboratory and field experiments were carried out from 2013-14 in both Pakistan and Australia. First of all field survey of two Districts Swabi (Peshawar Valley) and Haripur (Hazara Division) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, was carried out during May-June, 2013-14 to study the distribution of Parthenium weed. Five villages were selected from each district and thirty locations were randomly selected. The data revealed that the flora is predominated by Parthenium with the highest relative density of 63.4% among all weeds, followed by Cynodon dactylon L., Cannabis sativa L. and Chenopodium album L. with relative density of 11.37%, 10.86% and 7.31% respectively. Moreover, at different location the Parthenium weed is competing with C. sativa which is not a problematic like Parthenium weed and replaced by the latter. Mean distribution of Parthenium weed infestation was abundant and all sites are not uniform, because some sites were in hilly area. The computed data showed that the highest relative frequency of 28.71% was recorded for Parthenium weed followed by C. sativa, C. dactylon and C. album having relative frequency of 13.33%, 12.71% and 10.16%, respectively. Comparatively, the other weeds were very low relative density and relative frequency at most of the locations studied. Importance value shows that P. hysterophorus, C. sativa, C. dactylon and C. album were predominant weeds in both Districts. Parthenium- Cannabis- Cynodon communities predominated the weed flora in Swabi and Haripur Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Laboratory trials were carried out with the aim to suppress the seed germination and seedling growth of invasive weed P. hysterophorus with the water extracts of different plant species. The tested plant species comprised of Zea mays L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Cenchrus ciliaris L., Panicum miliaceum L., Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek and Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal. The statistical analysis of the data revealed that the poaceous crops viz. Z. mays and S. bicolor seriously affect the seed germination and seedling growth of P. hysterophorus by giving only 39.50 % and 45.50 % seed germination respectively, as compared to control where 100% germination was recorded. Moreover, the P. hysterophorus showed much tolerance towards the water extracts of both the legume crops V. radiata and V. aconitifolia that gave almost at par results with the control treatments for all the examined parameters of P. hysterophorus. In addition, the water extracts of C. ciliaris and P. americanum moderately affected the seed germination and seedling growth of P. hysterophorus during the investigations. Another field based studies were undertaken at two different locations having variable climatic conditions, to manage P. hysterophorus through some suppressive plants. The study revealed that the sorghum, bufell grass, millet and maize were emerged as good suppressive plants to the P. hysterophorus as compared to control and produced higher biomass in both the field sites. These plants reduced the P. hysterophorus growth up to 83.3%, 80.3%, 73.5% and 60.5%, respectively. Whereas, mungbean and moth bean were found poor suppressive species to P. hysterophorus. Moreover, the competitive ability of parthenium with other plants was climate dependent as this weed poorly competed with the tested plants in the warmer climatic condition at Swabi site than the cooler area at Haripur site. Thus, it is recommended that sorghum and buffel grass are the better option to manage the P. hysterophorus in the fields infested with invasive P. hysterophorus. Similarly, in Queensland, Australia field experiments were carried out at two different locations in Central Queensland, during October, 2011 to April, 2012. Field sites run at two climatically different locations (Injune, South Central Queensland and Mungallala, South West Queensland) to find out the suppressive ability of eleven test species against the growth of parthenium weed. Out of eleven species, seven were tested at Injune (buffel grass, butterfly pea, tall finger grass, whynn cassia, bumswich grass, red grass and paddock love grass) and at Mungallala (tall finger grass, queensland blue grass, rhodes grass, whynn cassia, bull mitchall grass, buffel grass and seca stylo). Out of seven species at Injune, only tall finger grass emerged strongly suppressive to Parthenium weed growth by >80% followed by butterfly pea (66 %), buffel grass (65 %) and wynn cassia (61 %), while the two native species red grass and paddock love grass were found weaker establish. At this site, the best fodder biomass was produced by buffel grass followed by butterfly pea, while bumswich grass showed moderately dry biomass and red grass found poor producing dry biomass in all selected species. Out of seven species tested at Mungallala, four (tall finger grass, ghodes grass, queensland blue grass and wynn cassia) were found to be strongly suppressive of the parthenium weed growth suppressing >80%, while queensland blue grass produced the highest dry biomass. The reduction of parthenium weed abundance has not yet translated into an improvement in pasture community species richness, which is expected to be detected in future years. This study demonstrates that parthenium weed can now be better managed, in a sustainable fashion, using valuable forage plants, in a wide range of habitats. Hence, it is suggested that suppressive species may be included as a biological control measure in long term parthenium management programs.
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28. Al-Qasas/The Narratives

28. Al-Qasas/The Narratives

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

28:01
a. Ta. Sin. Mim.

28:02
a. These are the Messages of the Clear Book - The Divine Qur’an.

28:03
a. WE are going to recount to you some of the narratives of Moses and Pharaoh truthfully, for a people who believe.

28:04
a. Indeed, Pharaoh exalted himself in the land of Egypt, and
b. divided its citizens into different ethnic and social factions,
c. seeking to oppress one faction among them - Descendants of Jacob – and depriving them of all human rights and civil liberties,
d. and, slaughtering their baby-boys at birth, while sparing their women/baby-girls.
e. He - Pharaoh - was truly of the oppressors and tyrants.

28:05
a. However, WE wanted to empower those very people who were being oppressed in the land
of Egypt – Descendants of Jacob, and
b. to make them the leaders and to make them the inheritors.

28:06
a. And to empower them in the land by giving them political power and religious authority,
b. and to show Pharaoh and Haman and their armies - through them - the very thing that they had dreaded - and trying to prevent.

28:07
a. And so when Moses was born, WE inspired Moses’ mother by saying that:
b. ‘Keep breast feeding him as usual, but when you fear for his life, then put him afloat into the River Nile,
c. and, once you have done so, then do not fear and do not grieve for he will be saved.
d. Surely WE...

Polemic Views about the Source of Qur’ān in Medieval Christian Writings with a Reflection upon Contemporary Orientalists: A Critical Review

Before the advent of Islam, there was a strong tradition of polemic writings both among the Jews and the Christians to prove the errors of adversary. But, after the advent of Islam in general, and the conquering of Roman / Byzantine empire by the Muslims in the era of Righteous Califate in specific, due to embracing Islam by a large number of local populace, the flux of Christian polemic writing was directed towards Islam. A number of polemic writings surfaced as a resort to keep their religion alive. These writings tried to belittle all basic concepts, beliefs, and creeds of Islam, and even the personality of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and the Holy Qur’ān. The contemporary orientalist polemic writers have claimed that there are several accounts originating from Jewish and Christian sources which tried to allegedly prove that the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was instructed by Jewish or Christian scholars in the composition of Holy Qur’ān, and to support this claim, they not only point out to certain Jewish or Christian sources, but have parroted their arguments as well, with the similar motives. With this, they have attempted to discredit Islam by raising doubts about the origin of Qur’ān. But despite of their efforts the fact remains firm that the Qur’ān has a Divine origin and was revealed by Allah Ta‘ālā unto Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In this regard, the purpose of this article is to analyze the medieval polemic writings, their motives, and their rumination by the orientalists of the contemporary age. A critical approach is adopted in this analytical, and historical study, using published authentic data and literature including academic books, research papers, periodicals, dictionaries and reliable web sites also.

Characterization of Microbial Biodegradation of Isoproturon under Field and Laboratory Conditions

Isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (IPU)], one of the phenylurea herbicides, is extensively used across the globe in agricultural fields to overcome the pre- and post-emergence of broad leaf weeds in cereal cultures. Intensive use of IPU is becoming a source of ground and surface water contamination. Several problems including cancer, endocrine disruption and inhibition of growth in humans, animals and plants are related to IPU toxicity. Keeping in view the environmental concerns associated with IPU, there is a need to develop the strategies for removal of IPU from our environment. In this regard, the present study was conducted firstly to estimate the potential of natural adapted microbial communities for biodegradation of IPU within the agricultural fields of Shorkot, Faisalabad and Sahiwal repeatedly exposed with this herbicide. The in-field spatial variability in IPU degradation within the field was correlated with the prevailing physicochemical properties of the respective soils and was found positively correlated with the organic matter content, total organic carbon as well as the abundance of culturable heterotrophic microorganisms and negatively correlated with the pH. The soil showing a good potential for removal of IPU was used to isolate the bacterial strain having the capability for biodegradation of this herbicide through enrichment culturing using IPU as a sole source of C and N. In this study, a bacterial strain designated as Sphingobium sp. S29 was found to have the potential for biodegradation of isoproturon. The sequence of whole genome of Sphingobium sp. S29 was also sorted using CLC for the functional IPU degrading genes and a putative pdmAB gene potentially involved in the initial steps of IPU degradation was identified. The strain S29 had the potential to degrade known metabolites of IPU including monodemthylisoproturon, didemtheyl-isoproturon and 4-isopropyl aniline as well as other structurally related phenylurea herbicides including diuron and chlorotuluron. The biodegradation of IPU by this strain was optimal under shaking at 30˚C and at 8.0 pH. The bioaugmentation study of the isolated bacterial strain carried out in soil microcosms revealed that this strain has a good potential for biodegradation of isoproturon in the soil in the presence of 24% moisture content and at 30 ˚C. Based on the findings of this study, it might be concluded that the isoproturon dissipation in the agricultural fields in variable not only from field to field but also at different points within the same field thanks to the prevailing physicochemical biological properties of the soils. Moreover, it can also be concluded that the strain Sphingobium sp. S29 can serve as a potential candidate for devising the strategies for bioremediation of the soils contaminated with isoproturon.