Scientific studies expose that the plant sterols in diet supports optimal functioning of immune system. β-sitosterol is a plant sterol which is a natural micro-nutrient found in the cells and membranes of all oil producing plants. It has been proven to be a safe, natural and effective nutritional supplement and has shown amazing potential benefits in many diverse applications. The medicinal application and uses of metals and metal complexes has been subjected to extensive research in recent years. Essential metals when present in excess and Heavy metals have toxic effects on living organism and these effects may be reduced by metal complexation. It prompted us to study the synthesis of β- sitosterol - metal complexes by using different methodologies. Eight new biologically active metal complexes of trace elements such as (Co (II), Cu (II), Fe (III), Mg (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) and toxic metals such as Pb (II) and Pd (0) have been synthesized and characterized through various techniques such as elemental analysis, Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), UV/visible Spectroscopy (UV/visible), Mass Spectrometry (EIMS), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). From the analytical data, the stoichiometry of all the complexes was found to be 1:2 (metal: ligand) ratio with general formula ML2X.nH2O while βs-Fe complex showed 1:3 metal to ligand ratio having general formula ML3X. The IR spectral data predict that the βs behave as a bidentate ligand with hydroxyl group (OH) and C=C (double bond) groups pointing towards the central metal ion. The UV/visible technique suggested an octahedral geometry of the complexes. In βs-Pd complex, the reagent Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipallidum (Pd2 (DBA)3) attached to the ligand (βs) in the form of adduct. The presence of Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA) in the molecule was supported by its IR, EIMS and 1H-NMR data. The AAS data and EDS features indicated the presence and percentage of the elements existing in the ligand and in the metal complexes. The SEM images of ligand and all the metal complexes exhibited different morphological structures due to the interaction of metal with ligand to arrange in the fixed geometry of the complexes. The TG analysis of the complexes are in good agreement with the proposed formulation. The ligand and its metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results showed that the metal complexes were more active than the ligand (βs). The βs-Fe and βs-Ni complexes exhibited greater antibacterial activities having zone of inhibition ranging between 19-29, 14-33 mm (MIC = 10-96, 52-114 mg/mL) in gram positive and gram negative bacteria respectively. Whereas βs-Co, βs- Cu and βs-Fe complexes were found to possess remarkable antifungal activity having zone of inhibition ranging between 12-30 mm (MIC = 32-140 mg/mL). The βs-Pd complex showed least antimicrobial activity against all the applied bacterial and fungal strains. The metal ion present in the complexes accelerate the anti-microbial activity and the metal complexes are more effective than ligand in term of their biological activity.
ڈاکٹرمولوی عبدالحق افسوس ہے پچھلے مہینے ڈاکٹر مولوی عبدالحق نے۹۲برس کی عمر میں مری میں انتقال کیا اورکراچی میں دفن ہوئے۔وہ غالباً علی گڑھ کے سب سے پرانے طالب علم تھے جنھوں نے سرسید احمد خاں،مولانا شبلی اورمولانا حالی اوراُس زمانہ کے دوسرے اکابر علم وادب سے استفادہ کیااوراُن کی صحبتوں اورمجلسوں سے فیض پایا تھا۔وہ۱۸۷۱ء میں ضلع میرٹھ کے ایک قصبہ ہاپوڑ میں پیداہوئے۔یہاں مڈل تک تعلیم پائی، پھر علی گڑھ چلے آئے اوریہاں سے۱۸۹۴ء میں بی۔اے کاامتحان پاس کیا، اس کے بعد حیدرآباد منتقل ہوگئے جہاں اُن کی زندگی کے بہترین ایام بسرہوئے۔ ایک اسکول کے ہیڈ ماسٹر مقرر ہوئے پھر انسپکٹر آف اسکولز کے عہدے پرفائز ہوئے۔اُس سے ترقی کی تواورنگ آبادکالج کے پرنسپل بنائے گئے۔اس کے بعد مولوی وحیدالدین سلیم کاانتقال ہواتواُن کی جگہ جامعۂ عثمانیہ میں اردو کے پروفیسر مقررہوئے۔موصوف جہاں اورجس حیثیت میں رہے اپنی لیاقت و قابلیت،حسن کارگردگی اورفرض شناسی کے باعث نمایاں اور ممتازہوکررہے لیکن قدرت نے جس اصل کام کے لیے پیداکیا تھا اورجس کے باعث انھیں بڑی شہرت اورعظمت نصیب ہوئی وہ ابھی تکمیل کے لیے اُن کے واسطے چشم براہ تھا۔چنانچہ جب وہ انسپکٹر آف اسکولز تھے انہی دنوں(۱۹۱۲ء) میں انجمن ترقی اردو کے سیکرٹری منتخب ہوئے۔انجمن اب تک محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس کی ایک شاخ کی حیثیت رکھتی تھی لیکن مولوی عبدالحق صاحب نے اس کواتنی ترقی دی کہ وہ جلد ہی ایک مستقل انجمن بن گئی اوراس کی سرگرمیوں کاحلقہ وسیع ترہوتا چلا گیا۔ انجمن کے سیکرٹری منتخب ہونے سے لے کر اپنی زندگی کے آخری سانس تک موصوف نے اردو زبان وادب کی ہمہ جہتی خدمات جس محنت و استقلال، عزم وہمت اورایثارو قربانی کے ساتھ کم وبیش ایک نصف صدی تک انجام دی ہیں وہ صرف اردو زبان وادب کے حلقوں میں نہیں بلکہ تاریخ کے بڑے لوگوں کی صف میں جگہ دینے...
Abstract The religious seminaries (Madaris) 1 of Pakistan have been a hot topic of discussion in the national and international media. These Madaris are reminiscent of the ancient education system of Islam. They attracted people’s attention during the last two decades and especially after the 11th September 2001 incident of New York. Another aspect of interest was their role in the Islamic insurgence (Jihad) waged in various parts of the world particularly in Afghanistan and Kashmir. These institutions impart orthodox education based on centuries old syllabus called Dars-i Nizami. The administrators are disinclined to any slight change in the contents of the syllabus thus bringing them to an open conflict with the modem education system and western culture. The Madaris have been divided on the basis of religious sects i. e. Shia, Sunni and Ahl-i-Hadith. Of them Sunnis are further splintered into many sub-sects such as Deobandis, Brelvis, etc. But their adherence to the primitive education, Jihad and abhorrence for the western civilization is almost the same. Despite repeated reference to these Madaris, there are many misconceptions or disinformation about them In the present paper, an attempt has been made to remove these misconceptions and present a true picture. Besides, historical perspective, vital statistics, curricula and problems and prospects have discussed in the paper in hand
Function optimization (constrained and unconstrained) is a process of finding the optimal point for the given problem. As the research is being carried out and new problem areas are being investigated, global optimization problems are getting more and more complex. The research presented in this dissertation is about to build a new accelerated function optimization technique based on evolutionary algorithm (EA). EAs have low convergence rate due to their evolutionary nature. The acceleration of evolutionary algorithm in the function optimization is achieved by incorporating gene excitation. In General, the distribution of the initial population into the search space effects the evolutionary algorithm performance. Concept of opposition based populations is employed to distribute the chromosomes more effectively. Image Segmentation is a significant and successful way for many real world applications like segmenting lung from CT scanned images. Segmentation is the process of finding optimal segments within an image. The main objective of this thesis is to make a new entirely automatic system that segments the lungs from the CT scanned images. To achieve this objective, a completely automatic un-supervised scheme is developed to segment lungs. The methodology utilizes a fuzzy histogram based image filtering technique to remove the noise, which preserves the image details for low as well as highly corrupted images. Peaks and Valley are found in bimodal group of images using Genetic Algorithm (GA). GAs are used for function optimization process and hence determining the global optimal solutions. The optimal and dynamic grey level is find out by using GA. Finding optimal clustering within a dataset is an important data mining task. Clustering and segmentations are somewhat related optimization problems of finding optimal grouping in the provided set of points. Clustering of datasets has been achieved by using an entirely automatic un-supervised approach. The employed technique optimizes multi- objective as compared to optimize single objective for clustering. Relative cloning is performed to adopt the individuals according to their fitness, which improves the algorithm performance.