The Tradition of Innovation in Islamic Civilization: An Exclusive Study of Early Ages of Islam

اسلامی تہذیب میں تازہ کاری کی روایت: قرون اولی کا اختصاصی مطالعہ Islamic civilization was founded by the Holy Prophet (May blessings of Allah and peace be upon him) right from the beginning of Islam. Each civilization and every culture are deeply affected by the concurrent cultures and civilizations and it used to adopt and borrow many things from other civilizations. Similarly, Islamic civilization and culture borrowed many aspects from other prevailing civilizations. With the passing day, these intercultural relations and exchanges became the part and parcel of the Islamic civilization. Such communications, and they have marked all epochs in Islamic history, occur in greatly diverse ways. The Holy Prophet also approved some traditions in this regard and the four Caliphs adopted many customs too. This reflects the adoption and concluding from other civilizations is not prohibited in every case, but this adoption must not be against Islamic teachings. Now a days, the entire world has become a worldwide town because of internet and technological developments. It is relatively obvious that Muslims are adopting many things from western civilization and culture without knowing its legitimacy or illegitimacy. Resultantly, these activities apparently become the chunk of Islamic civilization. This investigation seeks guidance from golden period of Islam i.e. Early centuries of Islam and describes its validity or voidness. In this article, these experiences of Islamic civilization and culture in adopting and concluding from other civilizations and cultures have been conferred and their principles and opinion of the prominent scholars, in this context, been talked about in the light of Islamic teachings. This study will promulgate awareness about the tradition of innovation in Islamic civilization and will provide guidance to the new researchers about this topic.  

Economic Analysis of Factors Affecting Poverty in Rural Areas of Punjab, “Primary Versus Secondary Data Analysis”

In Pakistan poverty is rural phenomenon. Though poverty exists in urban areas also but rural poverty presents a bleak picture. Rural poverty varies with area to area, with division to division and with district to district. It is necessary to diagnose the disease before its proper treatment. In the history of Pakistan the persistent increase in rural poverty with very few examples of its decreasing provide enough material and arise numbers of questions in the mind of researcher. Most of the researcher used secondary data to find the different forms of poverty and its causes on province basis or on country basis. Little attention was given to find and analyze economically the factors on division and district basis. The present study is to analyze the factors of rural poverty economically on division and district basis in the Punjab province. This study focuses on the key determinants of the poverty in rural areas of Bahawalpur division. An empirical analysis of poverty determinants carried out is based on primary as well as secondary data. Secondary data source for regression analysis is Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) for the years 2001-02, 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2007-08. . The estimation of incidence of poverty in Punjab in the year 2001-02 was 37.9 percent. In year 2004-05 the percentage of population living blow the poverty line was 28.6 percent where as the incidence of poverty in the year 2005-06 was 21.4 percent. The percentage of population blow the poverty line was 19.4 in the year 2007-08. The incidence of poverty decreased gradually from the 2001-02, 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2007-08. The better economic policies of the government and the execution of development projects in the rural area particularly in the infrastructure sector alleviate the poverty in rural areas of Punjab. Need based development interventions keeping in view the specific measures for specific region can go a long way in alleviating poverty in rural areas.