CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 are major detoxifying enzymes related to head and neck cancer (HNC). Polymorphisms in these genes have frequently been reported in literature and are known to follow diverse pattern in relation to different populations. The current study was designed to screen these genes in HNC patients and controls at DNA, mRNA and protein levels. A total of 437 pathologically confirmed HNC patients and 507 normal healthy controls were recruited. The results revealed that the mean age of cancer patients included in the study was 48 +16.59 years. PCR-SSCP was used for genetic screening followed by sequencing. Novel substitution (tyrosine to serine) and frameshift mutation (insertion of T) were found in HNC patients in CYP1A1 gene. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were found significantly higher in HNC patients compared to controls (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-5.5 and OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.3-3.1 respectively). GSTM1 deletion mapping revealed an amplified region 98 bp upstream and 293 bp downstream the gene, deleting 6 Kbp segment containing the entire gene. Similarly in GSTT1 gene a region spanning 537 bp upstream and 333 bp downstream was deleted and the total size of this deletion was approximately 9 Kbp. A new technique for mapping of deletion has been introduced that opens new ideas for researchers. Novel mutations in GSTP1 gene in exonic region (substitution A2848T and G2849A) were found in 9.5% HNC patients whereas the controls did not show these mutations. In addition, two intronic deletions of C at nucleotide 1074 and 1466 were also found in patients. Therefore it was found that exonic as well as intronic variations may be involved in HNC risk. Reverse transcriptase PCR was used for mRNA expression variation screening in 4 selected genes. Expression analysis showed that CYP1A1 mRNA expression was markedly reduced in tissues of head and neck carcinoma compared to adjacent normal tissue (OR 4.5, CI 1.5-13.4). Partial loss of expression of GSTM1 and GSTT1 mRNA was also observed at a higher rate in HNC tissues compared to controls (OR 4.5, CI 1.5- 13.4 and OR 3.2, CI 1.1- 9.6 respectively). GSTM1 and GSTT1 expression was also down regulated that was directly correlated with stages of cancer. GSTP1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in cancerous tissue compared to control tissue (OR 4.2, CI 1.2- 15.3). GSTP1 over expression was also observed to be directly correlated with stages of cancer. It was found that 5 patients had variation in GSTP1 mRNA with a large product size than expected. Sequencing revealed insertion of intronic segment between 6th and 7th exon of GSTP1 gene. Germline screening was performed showing mobility shifts which suggested mutation at DNA level resulting in intronic portion retention. ELISA was performed to check the serum GSTs level and significant decrease was observed in head and neck cancer patients compared to controls (P<0.001). Immunohistochemistry was performed to check the protein expression of these genes. CYP1A1 was expressed in cancer tissues as well as controls; however mild expression was observed in patients compared to controls. Regarding the level of GSTT1 mRNA loss and mild expression was common among HNC tissues compared to controls. GSTP1 was overexpressed in most of the tissues compared with controls. From the current study, GSTs and CYP1A1 were found to be one of the factors responsible for systematic progression of HNC. Expression regulation of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes is an area which can be further explored. Establishing a marker of prognostic significance as well as its potential role in HNC can help in designing most promising gene therapy for patients
پروفیسر عبدالحق کی علمی و ادبی دنیا میں پہلی حیثیت "اقبال شناس" کی ہے۔ وہ پاک و ہندمیں شناورِ اقبال کے طور پر پہچانے جاتے ہیں۔اقبال اور اقبالیات کے کثرت مطالعہ نے ان کے اندر ایک اقبالیاتی کشش یا مقناطیسیت پیدا کر دی ہے۔ وہ اردو کے نقدو ادب کے لیے بھی اقبال کے مطالعے کو ناگزیر قرار دیتے ہیں۔ آپ کے خیال میں فی زمانہ اقبال کے مطالعے کے بغیر نہ تنقیدی نظر پیدا ہوگی اور نہ دنیا کے نشیب و فراز سے واقفیت حاصل ہوگی۔ ان کا خیال ہے کہ اقبال کو پڑھے بغیر مطالعہ بے جان ہے۔ اقبال کے علاوہ پروفیسر عبد الحق شیرازی، غالب ،شبلی نعمانی اور رشید احمد صدیقی کا مطالعہ شوق سے کرتے تھے۔ انہوں نے اردو زبان و ادب کی چالیس سال تک خدمت کی۔ اس لگن اور انہماک نے انہیں جو کچھ تجربہ عطا کیا اس کا اظہار انہوں نے اپنی تصانیف کے علاوہ اپنی گفتگو میں بھی کیا ہے۔ ان کا نقطہ نظر بالکل نمایاں اور شفاف ہو کر سامنے آتا ہے۔ اس لیے علم و ادب ، تنقید و تحقیق وغیرہ کے سلسلے میں آپ کے صاف اور شفاف خیالات سے استفادہ کیا جانا چاہیے ۔ ان خیالات سے پروفیسر عبد الحق کے علمی و فکری زادیہ کو بجھنے میں مدد ملے گی۔ غزل کے حوالہ سے آپ فرماتے ہیں: ”غزل ہماری ثقافتی ثروت کا تحقیقی اعجاز ہے۔ یہ ادبی اصناف میں سب سے مقبول اور ہماری سخن وری کا وجہ امتیاز ہے ۔ عالمی ادب میں اردو کی سیادت کا یہ سبب بھی ہے۔ بنی نوع انسان کے جذب و شوق یا سوز و ساز کے لطیف ترین محسوسات کی یہ آئینہ خانہ ہے۔ دوسری شعری اصناف پر بھی اس کی سایہ نشینی کےنشانات نمایاں ہیں“ (1) اردو شاعری میں شیخ و برہمن کی...
This study aims to describe the readiness of educators in implementing the 2013 curriculum in the 3T area in North Gorontalo District. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The subjects in this study were school principals and educators in the 3T area school. The research result shows four things; first; Academic qualifications of educators in schools in the 3Tl area have not been fully fulfilled according to Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System Article 42 paragraph (1). Second; The Academic Competence of Educators in the 3T area is not yet fully educated with S1 academic qualifications in accordance with Article 8 of Law Number 14 of 2005. The three certificates of educators have not been fully fulfilled in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 14 of 2005 concerning Educators and Lecturers. The fourth role of educators in realizing the goals of national education principals continues to encourage educators to continue to carry out learning innovations, especially in the implementation of the 2013 curriculum as an effort to improve professionalism as a form of role in realizing the goals of national education.
This research work was planned to synthesize and characterize transition metal complexes of some biologically active Schiff base chelating agent and then to investigate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The ligands (L1-L5) are the modified forms of pyridine-3-carbaldehyde containing azomethine linkage which is of considerable importance in coordination chemistry. All the ligands were synthesized by reacting pyridine-3-carbaldehyde with primary amines. The structure of the newly synthesized amines were established by IR, NMR, Mass and elemental analysis. The ligands formed complexes of the type [MLX 2 ]. The comparison of the IR spectra of ligands and their metal complexes suggested that pyridine-3-carbaldehyde-N and amine-N are involved in the coordination with the metal ions. The UV-visible spectra of the complexes indicated the tetrahedral geometry for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of all the compounds were tested against the gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia and fungal strains Aspergillus Fumigatus, Aspergillus Flavus and Fusarium Solani. Antioxidant activities including Free Radical Scavenging Assay, Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl Radical (OH) Scavenging Activity and Reducing Power were also carried out. Thermal stability of the compounds was studied through TG/DTA.