This study aims to extend the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship and agency cost, to firm performance. It also examines this relationship in the presence of behavioral biases to address the behavioral finance approach, and validates it in developed (USA) and developing (Pakistan) economies, in order to generalize the study. The design of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship, agency cost and firm performance across both behavioral and traditional approaches of finance. The validated construct has been adopted to measure the corporate entrepreneurship, behavioral biases and risk perception of USA and Pakistani non-financial sector companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), respectively. The data for firm performance and agency cost has been taken from Balance Sheets Analyses (SBP Report) for Pakistani companies and from annual reports of the USA companies on a three yearly average bases (2009, 2010 and 2011). The findings highlight the significant negative relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and agency cost in USA, showing that corporate entrepreneurship can act as an excellent technique in reducing agency problems within organizations, ultimately leading to high performance, however, there is an insignificant impact between corporate entrepreneurship and agency cost in Pakistani context. Regarding the behavioral finance approach, both economies didn’t show any significant relationship of behavioral biases on risk perception; however, a significant relationship of risk perception on corporate entrepreneurship, depicts behavioral biases didn’t impact corporate finance decisions. It shows that corporate finance decisions may differ from person to person irrespective from culture to culture and from country to country, pointing towards individualistic approach. This study provides a foundation for future studies on the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship, agency cost and firm performance. My study helps executives to assess their own scenario while making effective entrepreneurial and financial decisions within companies and how to control or reduce the impact of behavioral biases in particular situations, in order to maximize their return Keywords: Corporate Entrepreneurship, Agency Cost, Firm Performance, Behavioral Biases, and Corporate Financial Decisions.
صوتیات کا اجمالی جائزہ زبان اللہ تعالیٰ کی ایک عظیم نعمت ہے۔ یہ اظہار کا ذریعہ ہے۔ صوتیات وہ علم ہے جو ہمیں زبان کی آوازوں اور ان کی جان کاری میں نہ صرف مدد فراہم کرتا ہے، بل کہ اس کے لیے اصول بھی مرتب کرتا ہے۔ صوتیات میں زبان کی آوازوں کےپیداہونے کے طریقے اور ان کی صحیح درجہ بندی کا مطالعہ کیاجاتا ہے۔ صوتیات لسانیات کی اہم شاخ ہے۔ بعض علمائے لسانیات کے بقول صوتیات کے بغیر لسانیات نا کافی ہے۔ صوتیات کا کام زبان کی آوازوں کو دریافت کرنا، اس کو صحیح رسم الخط فراہم کرنا، جن زبانوں کے پاس رسم الخط نہیں ہے انہیں رسم الخط فراہم کرنا اور الفاظ کی درست ادائیگی میں معاونت ہے۔ ہر زبان میں عہد کے ساتھ ساتھ تبدیلیاں رونماہوتی رہتی ہیں۔کچھ الفاظ متروک ہوتےہیں، کچھ کا املا بدل جاتا ہے اور کچھ قواعد واصول بھی بدلتے رہتےہیں۔ صوتیات کسی بھی زبان کا منظم علامتی اور تصوراتی نظام ہوتا ہے۔ انسانی ذہن بے شمار آوازیں پیدا کرنے کی خُداداد صلاحیت رکھتا ہے۔ انسانی منہ سے اَن گنت آوازیں نکلتی ہیں لیکن صوتیات میں صرف بامعنی آوازوں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ زمان ومکان کے حالات کے مطابق زبان میں پایا جانے والا تغیر وتبدل اس کی صوتی ہیئت میں بھی تبدیلیاں لاتا ہے۔ صوتیات کی تعریف بقول پروفیسر اقتدار حسین: ’’زبان کی آوازوں کے سائینٹی فک یامنظم طور سے مطالعے کو صوتیات کہتے ہیں۔‘‘۲۹؎ جیسا کہ لسانیات کے باب میں بتایا گیا ہے کہ یہ ایک سائنس ہے، اسی طرح صوتیات بھی ایک سائنس ہے۔ ڈاکٹر اقتدار حسین نے اسے زبان کے سائنیٹی فک مطالعے سے تعبیر کیا ہے۔ لہٰذا ہم کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ ماہر صوتیات ایسا سائنس دان ہوتا ہے جو زبان کی تمام آوازوں کو سمجھنے، ان میں فرق کرنے اور ان کا...
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was sent to establish justice. He made use of law and good conduct to achieve this great target. Complete investigation and transport exploration is of universal value that holds fundamental significance in legal system. This research article presents insight, broadness and transparency of investigatory system established by the Prophet (PBUH). It also highlights rules and laws in the light of valid research references. All these features are evident in Prophet’s personality. In this regard, keeping in view the nature of topic, the guidance has been sought from the commands of The Quran, Hadith and different incidents of the life of Muhammad (SAWW). A discussion has been premeditated to explore Prophet’s tactics regarding law of investigation. This research article, having research outlook and logical link, touches upon the rules and principles which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has given us for the recognition of the real culprit of good judgment, clues and witnesses. Investigative departments are radically important for the protection of Islam, maintenance of peace, internal stability and the protection of life, honor and property of people living in the society. The charter of these agencies is to abolish oppression, establish justice, impose the writ of law, and punish the guilty and to bring lawbreakers within the grip of law. The officer who performs the above duties is known as Naazir e Jaraaim1 in Islamic jurisprudential terminology. Further duties which fall within the remit of this officer are: Investigation of charges, production of the accused before a court of law, getting proven criminals sentenced by the court, executing the sentence handed down, releasing the accused in case evidence is not sufficient and getting wrongful accusers punished properly.
Gender Empowerment: Laws and social change in Pakistan presents an analysis of the legal framework which have been introduced to revamp the disintegration, gender inequality and to annihilate the violence against women in Pakistan. This research work gives a critical overview of the loopholes in existing laws, constant hefty and boosting violations of women rights, and misinterpretations of Islamic injunctions. Simultaneously, the present study identifies the barricades in legal implementation with concluding remarks that there is no social change due to non-implementation of pro-women laws in Pakistan until the suggested way forward is not adopted. In Pakistan “insider” point of view is very complicated and it must be considered that there is no ‘uniform model’ of womanhood. Women in Pakistan are treated under different social, political, economical, cultural milieu and circumstance and this segregation plays a pivotal role in social change myth or reality. The current study has been conducted through the combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques.