Over and ill-timed application of nitrogen (N), intensive tillage and heavy irrigation could lead to build up of residual nitrate in surface as well as subsurface soil layers, low fertilizer use efficiency and contamination of ground and surface water with nitrates. This is particularly true in wheat-maize crop rotation where high rates both of N and irrigation and intensive tillage are practiced to get higher yields. However, limited literature is available on the fate of applied N in wheat–maize cropping system in response to tillage, irrigation and fertilizer practices in Pakistan. Hence two experiments were conducted in the Research Area, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to assess the effect of irrigation, nitrogen and fertilizer practices on soil properties, crop yield, carbon sequestration and NO3-N under wheat-maize cropping sequence for two consecutive years from 2011-2013. In the first study, treatments comprised of three levels of irrigation and four levels of N in split plot design. Three levels of irrigation were 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3 of the estimated evapo-transpiration (ETc). The four N levels were 0, 110, 160 and 210 kg N ha-1 for wheat and 0, 200, 250 and 300 kg N ha-1 for maize, the recommended rate N for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L) in this area is 110 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively. The N was applied either in two splits (50% at sowing + 50% at maximum tillering for wheat, 50% at sowing + 50% at knee height for maize) or three splits (50% at sowing + 25% at maximum tillering + 25% at spike initiation for wheat, 50% at sowing + 25% at knee height + 25% at tasseling for maize), therefore making a total of seven N treatments. In the second experiment, same cropping system was followed, however recommended rate of N (110 and 200 kg N ha-1 for wheat and maize, respectively) was sourced from either urea or combination of urea and farm manure (FM). Thus, there were three fertilizer treatments F1 (100% N from urea), F2 (75% N from urea and 25% N from FM) and F3 (50% N from urea and 50% from FM) at three tillage systems namely MT (minimum tillage), CT (conventional tillage) and DT (deep tillage). The treatments were replicated three times in split plot design using tillage in main plots and fertilizer practices in sub plots. The data on growth and yield parameters were recorded for both the crops at harvest. Before sowing the first crop and after harvesting fourth crop, soil samples were collected and characterized for physical (bulk density, soil saturated hydraulic xx conductivity and total porosity) and chemical (soil organic carbon and nitrate-N) properties following standard procedures. The results from the first study indicated that N at 110 and 250 kg ha-1 for wheat and maize crops, respectively not only increased growth, yield and water use efficiency of both the crops during both the years but also decreased buildup of NO3-N in soil. Application of N in 3 unequal splits (50%+25%+25%) proved better than application of N in 2 equal splits (50%+50%) in terms of improved crop yield, crop N recovery, water use efficiency and less accumulation of NO3-N in soil profile. Application of irrigation water according to crop water requirement was the best treatment in terms of better yield, crop N recovery and water use efficiency along with lower leaching of NO3-N into sub-soil. Deficit irrigation resulted in lower crop yield and higher buildup of residual NO3-N in soil. In contrast, excessive irrigation did not have any additional benefits in terms of crop yield, however resulted in lower water use efficiency and crop N recovery and greater concentration NO3-N in lower depths of soil. Results from the second field study revealed that deep tillage and conventional tillage along with combined application of inorganic and organic N sources (half N from urea + half N from FM) resulted in lower bulk density, higher saturated hydraulic conductivity and root length density (RLD) compared that with the minimum tillage. The results indicated that MT resulted in significantly higher SOC pools in surface soil (0-10 cm), conversely DT and CT caused high SOC pools in 10-40 cm soil depths. Therefore, averaged across 0-40 cm, DT and CT proved better in terms of SOC pools. The DT and CT caused greater RLD and stocks of total N and available P in soil with DT and CT compared to that with MT caused significantly higher crop yield. The DT and CT also resulted in significantly greater accumulation of NO3-N in soil compared to that with MT treatment.
مولانا محمد اویس ندوی نگرامی دارالمصنفین اور معارف کے حلقہ میں مولانا محمد اویس ندوی نگرامی کا نام محتاج تعارف نہیں ہے، وہ معارف کی مجلس ادارت کے رکن اور دارالمصنفین کی مینیجنگ کمیٹی کے ممبر تھے، رفیق کی حیثیت سے بھی کئی سال تک یہاں رہ چکے اور تصنیف و تالیف کے علاوہ سیرۃ النبی کی نظرثانی میں بھی انھوں نے مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی مرحوم کا ہاتھ بٹایا تھا، سید صاحب کی جوہر شناس نگاہ نے طالب علمی کے زمانہ ہی میں ان کی صلاحیت کا اندازہ کرلیا تھا، تعلیم سے فراغت کے کچھ ہی عرصہ بعد ان کو دارالمصنفین لے آئے، تصنیف و تالیف کے علاوہ وہ ان کی درسی لیاقت کے بھی معترف تھے، قرآن مجید کے مطالعہ کا شوق انہیں شروع ہی سے تھا، سید صاحب کی صحبت میں یہ ذوق اور بڑھا، یوں تو سبھی اہم تفسیریں نظر سے گزریں تھی، لیکن ابن جریر اور ابن کثیر سے زیادہ دلچسپی تھی علامہ ابن تیمیہ اور حافظ ابن قیم کے تو عاشق تھے، ان کا ذکر بڑے والہانہ انداز میں کیا کرتے تھے، اس گرویدگی کا اثر تھا کہ مختلف کتابوں سے ان کے تفسیری بیانات چن کر ایک ضخیم کتاب تیار کردی، ان کی یہ کوشش ہندوستان ہی میں نہیں، بلکہ پوری دنیا میں قدر کی نگاہ سے دیکھی گئی، اب تک کئی اڈیشن شائع کرچکے ہیں۔ علمی انہماک کے ساتھ تزکیۂ نفس اور اصلاح باطن کا بھی بڑا خیال تھا، ان کا خاندان شریعت و طریقت کی جامعیت میں ممتاز تھا، ان کے پردادا مولانا عبدالعلی حضرت شاہ علم اﷲ رائے بریلوی کے سلسلہ سے وابستہ تھے، دادا مولانا محمد ادریس بھی ایک بڑے عالم اور شیخ طریقت تھے، وہ مولانا عبدالحئی فرنگی محلی مولانا عبدالحق حقانی اور قاری عبدالرحمن پانی پتی کے شاگرد اور مولانا فضل رحمن گنج...
In the Islamic Sharia there are two types of texts, as for the first one, there is no need for any interpretations. For instance: Tauhid (unity of Allah), while few interpretations have modiefied with the changing circumstances. The expertises of Islamic jurists highlight the interpretations of the text according to prevailing social and political environment which can create harmony between Islamic Sharia and importunity of nature. Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah are those personalities who evaluated the intellectual efforts of Islamic jurists and describe their diligencial and margenial secondary level differences. They created a road of conformity between their minor level marginal differences which are legitimate. Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah‘s methodologies of uniformity represent the facts that differences in the approaches of jurists, which are considered as segregation in the reality that is benevolence for Muslim Ummah. Their methodologies of uniformity are not only practical but also very useful in the context of global village. In this age ethical, social, and family problems can be solved through the method of uniformity. For the solution of issues like intellectual extremism, prejudice and terrorism, Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah‘s methodologies of uniformity are beaconhouse.
This dissertation expands the existing corporate fraud literature by providing an insight into the causes and consequences of corporate fraud in Pakistan. Four specific issues are studied in the context of Pakistan through interconnected ob jectives. Mentioning the first objective, the dissertation examines key factors elic iting fraudulent behavior of firms involved. The results indicate that among the variables proxied for internal antecedent factors, firm performance, organizational slack, organization size, tax aggressiveness and chief executive officer compensa tion significantly increase the probability of fraud occurrence. The results for the external antecedent factors indicate that dynamic environment and political connections are identified as connected with the likeliness of fraud commission. Lastly, with reference to monitoring variables, transient institutional investors, an outsider on board of directors, board size, the tenure of the chief executive officer and auditor change increase the fraud likeliness. Referring to the second objective, the study focuses on examining changes in cor porate financial decisions (i.e., financing, investment, and dividend payouts) with their interdependent and inter-temporal nature on fraud. Applying system-of equations the study finds that financing, investment, and dividend payouts of the fraudulent firms decrease following the revelation of fraud. Moreover, the results for the simultaneity of corporate financial triad reflect that corporate financing, investment, and dividend payouts are jointly determined. It is observed that in in vestment decision and payout decision variables the inter-temporal nature prevails which is likely to create an omitted variable bias. The results provide conformity to the flow of fund framework. In addition, the study finds that firms experience hurdles in raising funds from external capital markets but, on average, investment and cash flow remain uncon nected while considering the financial constraint status of sample firms. Instead, they alter their net debt from cash flow changes and protect their capital expen ditures. To all appearances, pecking order is involved concerning how firms use their cash flows. In the third objective, the study dissects the response of violations announce ments on the market liquidity of corresponding firms. Estimation of five liquidity xi measures is performed to test the market response on days around a violation announcement. The study reveals that the quoted and effective spread (in cents) identify the deterioration status of liquidity on days subsequent to the violations’ announcement, throughout the analysis period. Estimating the simultaneous sys tem of equation, the study examines the impact of deteriorated liquidity on stock returns surrounding the day of violations’ announcement. The analysis imparts a decline in liquidity after the violations announcements and that abnormal return in the post-violation period relatively is greatly responsive to the change in ex pected spread. Lastly, in respect of the fourth objective, the study investigates the post-fraud behavior of fraudulent firms to restore the corporate legitimacy. For this pur pose, the study considers the changes in governance mechanism as ameliorating actions to improve the earning quality. The study finds that improved gover nance mechanism brings better performance in stock price while controlling for earnings performance. The last chapter of the dissertation discusses conclusions, implications, and limitations.