The performance of crossbred cattle at military and other institutional dairy farms in Punjab was evaluated. The studies were conducted at three military dairy farms, one government farm of Livestock and Dairy Development Department and the experimental farm at University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Data on first and later lactations of crossbred dairy cattle (n=8375) from three Military dairy herds from 1984 to 2007 were used to study the effect of genetic group, herd, year and season of calving and parity on productive and reproductive traits using a general linear model. The overall 305-d milk yield, total milk yield, lactation length and dry period were 1944±36.7 kg, 1874±36.8 kg, 255±3.2 days and 224±11.8 days, respectively. The service period, calving interval, and gestation period averaged 196±10.6 days, 469±10.9 days, and 274±0.28 days, respectively. The phenotypic trend was positive for most of the productive traits. However, productive life and herd life decreased over the years. Deterioration in service period and calving interval was also obvious. Wide variation in performance traits of crossbred dairy cattle of three Military herds showed significant effects of management and feeding at these farms. At Livestock Experiment Station Qadirabad, overall 305-d milk yield, total milk yield, lactation length, dry period, service period and calving interval were 2453.1±63.26 kg, 2601.8±72.12 kg, 291.3±5.24 days, 170±13.34 days, 181±12.94 days and 465±12.98 days, respectively. The generations, season and year of calving and parity were the significant factors influencing performance traits. The phenotypic trends was negative for total milk yield (-24kg/year), lactation length (-0.3 days/year), productive life (-13 days/year) and herd life (-24 days/year). Significant deterioration in productive traits was found after F 1 generation. Pattern of calving was compared between Sahiwal crossbreds (Friesian or Jersey) and Nili-Ravi buffaloes and purebred Sahiwal cattle. Lactation records of 9,174, 22,499 and 656 of Nili-Ravi buffaloes, Sahiwal and crossbred cattle were used for this purpose. Seasonality of calving is more pronounced in buffaloes than Sahiwal and crossbred cattle in Pakistan. The relationship between days open and seasonality of calving in the Nili-Ravi buffaloes, Sahiwal and Crossbred cattle was also established using the same dataset. Nili-Ravi buffaloes and crossbred cows calving in winter had fewer days open than those calving in summer. Nili- Ravi and Sahiwal herds showed deterioration in days open over the years. There was an average increase (per year) of 1.5 days in days open for Nili-Ravis and 0.6 days for Sahiwals. Increase in days open over the years was also observed for Sahiwal crossbreds. Individual and maternal effects both for additive and heterotic gene actions in milk yield and reproductive traits were estimated using data of 178 cows (740 lactations) at University herd. Individual heterosis was statistically significant for traits like age at first calving, 305-day milk yield, total milk yield and productive life. Performance of animals however, improved as the Bos taurus inheritance increased but going beyond 75% deteriorated performance especially traits such as productive life.
تو بنا کے پھر سے بگاڑ دے،مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا تری چوبِ چاک کی گردشیں مِرے آب و گِل میں اُتر گئیں تِری اُنگلیاں مِرے جسم میں یونہی لمس بن کے گڑی رہیں مجھے رکتا دیکھ کے کرب میں کہیں وہ بھی رقص نہ چھوڑ دے تِرا زعمِ فن بھی عزیز ہے، بڑے شوق سے تُو سنوار لے تِرے"سنگِ چاک" پہ نرم ہے مِری خاکِ نم، اِسے چُھوتا رہ مجھے گوندھنے میں جو گُم ہوئے تِرے ہاتھ، اِن کا بدل کہاں تِرا گیلا ہاتھ جو ہٹ گیا مِرے بھیگے بھیگے وجود سے
رہوں کوزہ گر ترے سامنے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا مِرے پاؤں ڈوری سے کاٹ کے مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کفِ کوزہ گر مِری مان لے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کسی گردباد کے سامنے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا مِرے پیچ و خم، مِرے زاویے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کسی ایک شکل میں ڈھال کے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اُتارنا کبھی دستِ غیر کے واسطے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اتارنا مجھے ڈھانپ لینا ہے آگ نے، مجھے چاک سے نہ اتارنا
Background of the Study: To compare the effects of relaxing music therapy with task-oriented training of lower limbs on the balance and functional status in patients with chronic stroke.
Methodology: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in three outpatient physiotherapy clinics in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample of 76 participants with chronic stroke, aged 40-60 years, and on assistance walking, were recruited through a purposive sampling technique. Individuals who had physical impairments and visual or hearing deficits were not included in the study. Group A received task-oriented training with routine physical therapy while Group B received Music therapy additionally. Three sessions on alternate days per week for eight weeks were given. Balance and functional independence were the outcome variables measured using the Berg Balance Scale and Functional Independence Measure respectively. Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman ANOVA were applied for between-group and within-group differences respectively. P-value was significant at ≤0.05.
Results: The mean age of participants was 54.05 ± 3.64 years, the majority i.e., 55 (72.4%) were male, 46 (60.5%) had ischemic stroke and 53 (69.7%) were presented with left-sided weakness. A statistically significant difference was observed among both groups in balance (p =.000) and functional independence (p=0.000). The within-group difference was also significant for balance (p=0.000) and functional independence (p=0.000).
Conclusion: The integration of relaxing music therapy, task-oriented training, and routine physiotherapy is effective in improving balance and functional independence in chronic stroke patients.
The investigation of perpendicularly propagating modes, excitations and associ- ated instabilities at the order of electron cyclotron frequencies in non-relativistic plas- mas is important for understanding many astrophysical and laboratory phenomenon such as noise emission and absorption, solar wind plasma, large number of experiments lunched with satellites to provide in situ data on the properties and nature of plasmas in the earth and other planetary magnetospheres, the achievement of thermonuclear fusion and so forth. In this context, the Vlasov model is employed for electron-ion plasma in which the ion dynamics are ignored. Using kinetic theory approach for homogenous collisionless magnetized plasma, we derive the general expression for the conductivity tensor in cylindrical polar coordinates. Modes of non-relativistic electrons are investigated for perpendicular propagation in non-Maxwellian plasma. For this purpose thermal ring and drifting Maxwellian distribution functions are used to derive di¤erent modes. In this thesis we particularly focus on analytical and numerical solution of the dis- persion relation for electrostatic Bernstein wave and electromagnetic O mode which propagate perpendicular to the ambient magneticeld. The classic Bernstein waves may be intimately related to banded emissions detected in laboratory plasmas, terres- trial and other planetary magnetospheres. However, the customary discussion is based upon isotropic thermal velocity distribution function. In order to understand how such waves are excited one needs an emission mechanism, i.e., instability. In non-relativistic collision-less plasmas, the only known Bernstein wave instability is that associated with a cold perpendicular velocity ring distribution function. However, cold ring distribu- tion is highly idealized. The present thesis generalizes the cold ring distribution to include thermal spread, so that the Bernstein-ring instability is described by a more realistic electron distribution function, with which the stabilization by thermal spread associated with the ring distribution is demonstrated. The presentndings imply that the excitation of Bernstein waves requires a su¢ ciently high perpendicular velocity gradient associated with the electron distribution function. The O mode is unstable against temperature anisotropic plasma having Tk > T? (where k and ? corresponds to the direction with respect to external magneticeld B0). These purely growing waves has great importance due to its possible application to the solar wind plasma. In past huge amount of literature on O mode instability has been devoted to either bi-Maxwellian or counterstreaming velocity distribution. For solar wind plasma trapped in a magnetic mirror-like geometry for instance magnetic clouds or in the locality of the Earth s collisionless bow shock environments, the velocity distribution function may hold a loss-cone feature. In situations like these the O mode instability may be excited for cyclotron harmonics as well as the purely-growing branch. We investigates the Omode instability for plasmas characterized by the parallel Maxwellian distribution and perpendicular thermal ring velocity distribution in order to understand the general stability characteristics of the electromagnetic O mode. The purely growing ordinary O mode instability wasrst discussed by Davidson and Wu [Phys. Fluids 13, 1407 (1970)]. In a series of papers, Ibscher, Schlickeiser, and their colleagues [Phys. Plasmas 19, 072116 (2012); ibid. 20, 012103 (2013); ibid. 20, 042121 (2013); ibid. 21, 022110 (2014)] revisited the O mode instability and extended its application to the low-beta plasma regime by considering a counter-streaming bi- Maxwellian model. However, the O mode instability is thus far discussed only on the basis of the marginal stability condition rather than actual numerical solutions of the dispersion relation. In the present thesis we re-examin the O mode instability by considering the actual complex roots. The marginal stability condition as a function of the (electron) temperature anisotropy and beta naturally emerges in such a scheme.