Justice System of Islam in the Form of Qisas, Diyat and Harabah for the Protection of Human Dignity

For peace in a society and to protect the lives and properties of all the individuals living in a society, it is necessary that there must be certain rules and regulations that govern the whole system of society.  A guideline for each and every aspect of human life should be there. For this purpose Islamic law or Shariah law took origin to govern an Islamic state and for avoiding injustice and to preserve human dignity Shariah law prescribes different forms of punishment which constitute the basic criminal justice system of Islam. These include Qisas, Diyat and Harabah. Thus, the Quran not only specifies principles of retaliation in the form of Qisas but also gives an option of monetary compensation (blood money Diyat) to the aggrieved family of the victim. The fear of the consequences in the form of punishments prescribed by the Shariah Law must be there in a person's mind before he commits a crime and this fear will abstain from violating human dignity by destroying his life and property.

Improving Teaching of Geometry in a Multigrade Classroom in a Primary School of Tando Allah Yar, Sindh

Multi-grade teaching is very common practice in Pakistan. This is so due to many reasons such as, lack of teachers, low student enrolment, inadequate resources, and countless other reasons. The province of Sindh, especially in its rural areas, most schools have one or two teachers for five and more classes. These teachers are either completely untrained or trained for only mono-grade teaching, therefore teachers face various challenges and difficulties while teaching in multi-grade classrooms. The aim of this study has been to improve the skill-set of teachers in the geometry subject-area, in a multi-grade setting of a government operated primary school in rural Sindh. The study was conducted through a qualitative, action research approach. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, class room observations, reflective journals, students’ work and field notes. The methodology and findings of this study would help multi-grade mathematics teachers to revisit their current teaching practices in-order to improve their skills. Through the findings it has also been recommended that along with professional development programmes, efforts should be made on designing a curriculum for multi-grade classes along with teacher guide-books.