Poaceae, the cereals is one of the most important plant families, which have the potential to provide readily available protein and cheap carbohydrates than any other food commodity for both animals and human consumption. The growing third world population and its domestic animals need more cost-effective protein and carbohydrates which, although in abundance in many developing countries, are under-utilized. In Pakistan widely cultivated cereal crops are wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) while barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), millet (Pennisetum typhoides [(Burm.) Staff. & Hub.)], oats (Avena sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.), are the minor cereals. Many fungi are serious parasites of seed primordia, maturing and stored seeds or grains. Fungal contamination of three stored cereals varied with type of host, storage duration and conditions. The fungi isolated from different seed sources of three hosts through blotter paper, agar plate and deep freezing methods. Both pathogenic fungi including species of Alternaria, Bipolaris, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Macrophomina, Drechslera, Pyricularia and Nigrospora and saprophytic fungi like species of Aspergillus, Absidia, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Epicoccum, Monilia, Mucor, Penicillium and Rhizopus were predominant. During storage period, the germination percentage recorded as 91% at the temperature (Temp.) of 21.9°C with relative humidity (RH) of storage at 53.5%. The germination percentage gradually decreased as the duration of storage prolonged even the RH value slightly changed but temperature value (28.5°C) rose significantly. Change in temperature and relative humidity had no significant influence on the critical values of seed vigour, it slightly affects seed vigour at the temperature ranging 22-41 °C and RH ranging 35-65%. Moisture level of stored wheat, rice and maize significantly increased and became more than twice (23.5, 26.5 and 26%) respectively than its starting level (11%) after 135-140 days of storage duration. The level of protein, carbohydrates, fats and crude fiber content of these cereals exhibited slight changes but no significant under the four different environmental conditions during storage. Among the Aspergillus isolates from wheat maximum level of aflatoxins were recorded from Aspergillus parasiticus as 745-783 of AFB1, 17.24-87.36 of AFG1 followed by AFB2 (49.57-137.03) and AFG2 in low quantities (26.5 -67.42 ng/g ). During the management trials involving seed coating with plant extracts and essential oils, the maximum seed germination percentage (77.33, 75, 69 and 69%) was obtained in the case of neem treated seeds in all storage durations (0, 60,120 and 180 days respectively) as compared with negative control (53.33%) and other treatments. This trend line recorded similar as the storage duration prolonged upto 60, 120 and 180 days.
مولانا عبدالعزیز گوجرانوالہ دو ماہ ہوئے کہ مولانا عبدالعزیز صاحب خطیب و امام جامع مسجد گوجرانوالہ نے جو دیوبند کے عالم اور وقت کے بڑے محدث تھے، وفات پائی، انہوں نے محاح و مسانید کی مختلف کتابوں کی فہرستیں بطور اطراف بڑی محنت سے لکھی تھیں، جن میں صرف بخاری کی فہرست نبراس الساری فی اطراف البخاری کے نام سے چھپی ہے، مرحوم نے مجھے لکھا تھا کہ مسند ابن حنبل کی بھی ایک فہرست بنائی ہے، اور وہ اس کے چھپوانے کی فکر میں تھے، کیا اچھا ہو اگر ان کی یادگار میں ان کی یہ کتاب گوجرانوالہ کے قدرداں چھپوا سکیں، یاوہ اس نسخہ کو کسی قدر شناس کے سپرد کریں، کہ وہ اس کو چھپوا کر اس فیض کو عام کرے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۴۰ء)
Raja Abon Makmur Lestari's business has good potential, resulting in considerable business competition. One of the businesses that produce shredded is Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) Raja Abon Makmur Lestari. This business must apply a consumer-oriented marketing concept. The application of this concept is to determine the marketing mix consisting of product, price, promotion, and place. The purpose of this study was to analyze consumer assessments of the various attributes of shredded products and evaluate the results of the shredded product marketing mix strategy. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis, with the 4P marketing mix approach. The marketing mix strategy evaluation design involves internal parties, namely business owners, and external parties, namely consumers. The results of the discussion show that consumer assessment of products has guaranteed quality, consumer ratings of prices are in accordance with quality, consumer assessments of shredded product distribution are easy to obtain and consumer assessments of promotion by word of mouth are very efficient and easy to get information on social media. The evaluation results of the marketing mix for shredded products are in the range of 101-125. Based on this total value, it can be concluded that all the variables of the marketing mix carried out by the king of shredded and prosperous sustainable have been effective.
Bulk metallic glass (BMG) is an important class of materials possessing unique set of properties. Iron Cobalt (FeCo) based BMGs have properties especially suited for applications where high strength and wear resistance is required like surgical tools and mechanical precision elements. These can also be used in electromechanical conversion devices. The current thesis is aimed at the study of the mechanical properties of the FeCo based BMGs. Three FeCo-based BMGs with the compositions (Fe0.5Co0.5)69-xNb6B25+x (x = 0, 2, 4) were cast using electric arc melting and suction casting technique. For each composition three samples were prepared, tested, and analysed in as-cast, annealed and partially crystalline conditions. The as-cast alloys possessed high hardness that was found to increase with annealing and partial crystallization. Hardness values approaching 1400 HV were obtained for partially crystalline BMG alloy having the maximum boron content. In X-ray diffraction scans no peaks that indicate crystallinity in the BMG alloys were observed in the as-cast and annealed condition while small broad peaks were present in the diffraction patterns of partially crystalline alloy samples. Glass transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tx) temperatures of all the three BMG alloys in as-cast condition were above 800 K. Saturation magnetization (MS) has shown a decrease while magnetic coercivity (HC) increased with an increase in boron content of the alloy. The maximum value of MS (92 emu/g) was obtained for annealed BMG alloy with the maximum iron-cobalt content. Indentation of the BMG alloys resulted in the formation of the deformation zone underneath the indents that consisted of shear bands. Annealing of the cast FeCo based BMG alloys resulted in a decrease in the size of the deformation zone as compared to as-cast amorphous alloys mainly because of increase in strength of the alloys. Plastically deformed zone size calculations through available models show an overestimation of the zone size. Indentation of partially crystalline alloys (intrinsic composites) produced corner cracks while no cracks were observed in case of as-cast and annealed alloys. Palmqvist crack morphology was observed for corner cracks at all the indentation loads used. Indentation fracture toughness of intrinsic composites was obtained by calculations based on the measured corner crack lengths. Indentation fracture toughness values ranging in 1.85 MPa√m to 2.9 MPa√m, were obtained. Best mechanical properties and thermal stability was shown by the alloy with the highest boron content (29 at%) while better magnetic properties were exhibited by the other two BMG alloys.