صفات الخطباء و مراعاة السامعين لتامين السلام في الجمتمعات الاسلامية

The religious sermon and the speaker play a keyrole in the Islamic societies in shaping and orienting the opinions, beliefs, approach and behavior of the masses. Addressing people is a great responsibility, for which the speakers will be held accountable to Allāh Almighty. Therefore, a speaker of Islām must be equipped with sound knowledge of Islām and well acquainted with the present time, too. Moreover, he must possesstherequired temperament of tolerance, compassion and consideration, while speaking to his audience. The example of the Holy Prophet Muḥammad(r) provides a complete model of conduct for today’s speakers. We notice that audiences are moved with the eloquence of the speakers. A careless speaker may drive his audience into the abyss of disappointment, alienation from Islām, terrorism andextremism, etc. ; On the other hand, he can alleviate their ignorance, reshape them to become the desired peaceful Muslims through his power of speech and influence of his character. In this paper, the author, tried to make the Islamic speakers realize their duties in respect of their audience in the light of the Sunnah of the Prophet(r).

Fortification of Compost Through Microbes and Inorganic Fertilizer in Cereal-Legume Intercropping Systems

Organic wastes are becoming severe threat to the environment. Organic wastes can be effectively utilized as a potential resource of nutrients through composting. Composts can be claimed as fortified compost after nutrient enrichment and blending with Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This new technology can prove feasible in terms of lower application rates of compost (300-500 Kg ha-1 as compared to normal application of 1-2 tonnes ha-1) and can reduce upto 50 % of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers. Low organic matter is major limiting factor for agricultural productivity especially in semi arid and arid regions. Composted organic material can be applied on agricultural soils as an amendment to provide nutrients, to enhance their organic matter content and to improve the physio-chemical properties of soils. The presence of PGPR in rhizosphere significantly increase plant growth and yield under nitrogen limiting conditions. Cereal-legume intercropping have also been shown to increase productivity, improve soil fertility and control spread of pests, diseases and weeds. Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from fields without loss of crop yields. Production of pulses is affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses, little use of bacterial inoculums which hamper the realization of actual yield potential. There is major decline in cultivated area of pulses in Pakistan due to displacement of traditional growing areas and low soil fertility. to address all these issues this study was carried out with the following objectives: (i) to assess the impact of fortified compost on soil fertility under cereal- legume intercropping (ii) to increase production of maize and pulses, especially mashbean through utilization of spring xxi season along with summer and (iii) to enhance farm profitability through enriched compost and appropriate cropping system. Two years field experiment for the proposed study was carried out at Farmers filed, Union Council Girja, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan during 2010-2012 in both spring and summer seasons. Maize (Zea mays L.), mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) sole as well cereal-legume intercrop which were tested against the given fertility treatments. Sandy clay loam soil with 30 % clay, 50% sand, and 20 % silt was exist at experimental site. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with strip plot arrangements keeping cropping system in main plot and fertility treatments in subplots replicated thrice. Maize variety “Agati 2002”, mashbean cultivar “Chakwal mash” and mungbean cultivar “Mung-06” was used in both years for both seasons. Spring crop was sown in mid of February and summer crop in mid July during both the years, using single row hand drill. Five cropping systems viz. sole maize, sole mungbean, sole mashbean, maize + mungbean intercropping and maize + mashbean intercropping and four fertility treatments; chemical fertilizer recommended (Maize NP@ 120:80 kg ha-1 & Legumes/Intercropping NP@ 40:60 kg ha-1), compost @ 1000 kg ha-1, compost@ 1000 kg ha-1 + ½ chemical fertilizer and compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ chemical fertilizer were compared against control. In fortification process commercial compost was fortified (nutrient enrichment) with half recommended NP fertilizer @ 60:40 kg ha-1 and potential PGPR strains were tested under maize-mungbean/mashbean cropping systems. xxii On the basis of agronomic, competitive indices as well as economic performance of different cereal-legumes intercropping, it was well evident that Integrated Nutrient Management System, i.e., combination of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers {Compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ Chemical fertilizer (60 & 40 kg ha-1 NP)} among fertility treatments performed best (better than full dose chemical fertilizer, PGPR and compost) in terms of net returns and soil fertility status improvement. As by above mentioned combination Rs. 274528 net returns ha-1 year-1 were recorded in maize + mashbean intercropping which was 40.43 % higher than the control and enhanced soil N and P. Among tested Cropping systems, cultivation of mashbean in the spring season proved to be successful like maize and mungbean, so cereal-legume intercrop proved to be beneficial in both summer and spring seasons. Maize + mashbean and maize + mungbean intercropping proved better than any of the sole crop in terms of total production and net returns for the area. Net returns (Rs. ha-1 Year-1) data also revealed that maximum net returns per year obtained from maize + mashbean intercropping. Combined application of compost @ 1000 kg ha-1 + PGPR + ½ chemical fertilizer attained highest net returns of Rs. 274528 ha-1 Year-1 (US $ 2745) (summer + spring). It was 40.43 % higher than the control under same cropping system. However maize + mashbean intercropping system yielded 37.97 % higher than sole maize and 68.67 % higher than sole mashbean. Under above mentioned fertility combination maize + mashbean intercropping attained 12.10 % higher net returns than maize + mungbean due to higher market price of mashbean as compared to mungbean.