Interactions between people and plant diversity are indispensable. Ethnobiology explores such interactions in a scientific way to unearth the reality that cultureand plant diversity of a region influences each other in a reciprocal manner. Relations between plants and people are much stronger in remote cultural societies. District Tor Ghar is one of such remote and rugged mountainous region of the western Himalayas that has historically established tribal cultural values, traditions and customs. There is no evidence of previous qualitative or quantitative ethnobotanical research that tells something about culture of the region. Present PhD project was initiated by selecting a total of 43 villages from 5 tribal belts (Basikhel, Nusratkhel, Akazai, Hasanzai and Madakhel) using random table number method. 732 informants of all age groups were interviewed via semi-structured questionnaire method during the years 2012 and 2013. Group discussions, Ethnobotanical Participatory Appraisal (EPA) and extensive field visits were also arranged. Quantitative ethnobotanical techniques i.e., Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Cultural Importance Index (CI), mean Cultural Importance Index (mCI) and Cultural Importance of Families (CIF) were used to report cultural diversity among 5 tribes of the region. The conservation stata of all culturally significant plant species were also assessed quantitatively by developing first time a special mathematical relation i.e., CS =K (OC+AV+CE)/TF x RPwhich was in harmony with IUCN criteria. Cluster Analysis (CA), Two Ways Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) were appliedtodraw and understand cultural gradient of the ethno-ecologically important species of the region using robust software packages PCORD version 5& CANACO version 4.5.Our findings show that 295 species of vascular plants providing 33 cultural services in the form of food, medicine, fodder, timber wood, fuel, cosmetics, aesthetic, spiritual and veterinary etc.Assessment of conservation status via newly developed formula confirmed 20 species as critically endangered, 35 as endangered, 56 as vulnerable, 58 near threatened (rare) and 126 least concerned(Secure). The use of multivariate statistics brought forward a pattern in large multivariate data sets to a presentable and structurally recognizable form. Findings based on CA, TWCA and DCA showed a cultural gradient among the various tribes of the region. There is a significant correlation on the plant use pattern and conservation management of Basikhel to Nusratkhel and Akazai to Hasanzai while a significant diversity of such patterns exist between Madakhel and the remaining tribes.The current study contributes to an enhanced understanding of ecosystem services in the Tor Ghar, cultural uses of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts and the role of indigenous culture in regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
لائلپور/فیصل آباد کی سب سے قد آور شخصیت جن کی خطابت ،عوام دوستی،ایمان داری ، سیاسی فہم و فراست ،قائدانہ تدبر انھیں ماضی ،حال اور مستقبل میں فیصل آباد کے سب سے معتبر و ممتاز سیاست دان کے مقام پر فائز رکھیں گے ۔انہوں سیاسی کارکن کی حیثیت سے پی پی پی کے قیام کے فوری بعد بھکر اور بعد ازاں لائلپور میں جس جدو جہد کا آغاز کیا تھا وہ وزارت اور ملک کی سب سے بڑی سیاسی جماعت کے اہم عہدوںکی ذمہ داری کے ملنے تک ایک تسلسل سے جاری رہی ۔ 1977میں شہید بھٹو کی گرفتاری کے بعد جنرل ضیاء الحق نے اکتوبر میں عام انتخابات کے انعقاد کا اعلان کیا تو انتخابی میم کی قیادت کا فریضہ بیگم نصرت بھٹو نے انجام دیا وہ شہر شہر جلسے کر رہی تھیں ۔ فیصل آباد کے جلسے کے لیے ملک احمد سعید اعوان کی تجویز پر شہید محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو کو عملی سیاست کے آغاز کے لیے فیصل آباد مدعو کیا گیا ۔اس طرح شہید بی بی نے اپنے سیاسی کیرئیر کے سب سے پہلے تاریخ ساز جلسہ سے خطاب کیا جس کا کریڈت اعوان صاحب کو جا تا ہے ۔ضیاء دور میں انہیں قید و بند کی صعوبتیں کے ساتھ کوڑوںکی سزا کا سامنا کرنا پڑا مگر ان کی استقامت اور پارٹی سے وفادار ی میں کمی نہ آئی ۔ایم آر ڈی کی احتجاجی تحریک کو فیصل آباد ڈویژن میں منظم کر نے کے لیے بھی انہی کا کلیدی کردار تھا ۔اس ضمن میں 1985ء میں ایم آر ڈی کا ایک بہت بڑا جلسہ کروانے میں ان کی شب و روز کی محنت شامل تھی ۔13اپریل 1986ء میں لاہور کے بعد سب سے بڑا جلسہ فیصل آ باد میں ہوا تھا شہید بے نظیر بھٹو نے اس...
This paper describes that the Kautiliya Athashastra is the oldest and most exhaustive treatise on the governance and administration of a state. Starting with the bringing up and education of the young prince, it proceeds to the appointment of ministers and the organization and functioning of various state departments, including the setting up of a secret service. It then sets forth a code of civil and criminal law. In the matter of foreign relations, it puts before the ruler the idea of a "Vijigisu" (would be world conqueror) and discusses in great detail the various situations he may have to face in his dealing with foreign states, whether friendly or inimical, and points out how he should conduct himself in every case so as to achieve his goal.
This study was conducted to examine the perceptions and practices about enquiry based teaching held by Social Studies teachers in private English Medium schools in Karachi (Pakistan). 257 teachers participated in the survey. They were asked to share their perceptions and practices about enquiry-based teaching. The results of the study showed that the Social Studies teachers in private English medium schools have a poor understanding about the nature of enquiry-based teaching. They also lack the appropriate pedagogical skills and competencies which are probably due to the low quality of training that they received. However, it is important to note that Pakistani teachers do make efforts to use enquiry in their Social Studies classrooms. While implementing an enquiry approach, the teachers recognize that enquiry has a positive impact on students' learning in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The teachers identify some challenges of implementing enquiry based teaching as well. As a solution, professional development of the teachers has been proposed as a solution. In addition, calls for enquiry materials and efficient support from all school stakeholders have been raised.