خان عبدالغفار خاں
خان عبدالغفار خاں کی موت سے پورا ملک گہرے رنج و غم میں ڈوب گیا، وہ ہندوستان کے ان عظیم لیڈروں کی آخری یاد گار تھے، جنھوں نے قوم کی بے لوث خدمت اور وطن کی آزادی کے لیے اپنے سروں پر کفن باندھ لیے تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی خدمت ، جدوجہد خلوص، جوش عمل، سرگرمی، ایثار، قربانی، سرفروشی، استقامت اور نوع انسانی سے محبت و ہمدردی کا ایک نمونہ تھی، وہ ہمیشہ امن و آشتی اور عدم تشدد کے علمبردار رہے اور فرقہ واریت اور تنگ نظری کے خلاف ہمت، جرأت، اولولعزمی اور بہادری سے لڑتے رہے۔
ان کے والد بہرام خاں پشاور کے ایک گاؤں اتمان زئی کے خوش حال زمین دار تھے، خان عبدالغفار خاں کا بچپن نازونعم میں بسر ہوا، ابتدائی تعلیم پشاور کے ایک مشنری اسکول میں ہوئی، ایک سال کے لیے علی گڑھ بھی آئے، یہاں سے واپس ہو کر انھوں نے تعلیمی حیثیت سے اپنے پس ماندہ علاقے میں آزاد قومی اسکول قائم کرنے کی مہم شروع کی، اسی اثنا میں مولانا ابوالکلام آزادؒ کے اخبار الہلال اور دوسرے قوم پرور اخبارات زمیندار لاہور اور مدینہ (بجنور) نے ان کا رخ قومی و سیاسی سرگرمیوں کی جانب موڑدیا، شیخ الہند مولانا محمودالحسنؒ سے بھی ان کا ربطہ رہا اور وہ ریشمی رومال تحریک میں بھی شامل ہوئے، ۱۹۱۹ء میں گاندھی جی نے رولٹ ایکٹ کے خلاف ملک گیر تحریک شروع کی، خان عبدالغفار خاں نے بھی اپنے وطن کے ایک جلسہ عام میں ایکٹ کی مذمت ریزویشن منظور کیا، اس جلسہ میں نوے ۹۰ برس کے ان کے بوڑھے باپ بھی شریک تھے، ۱۹۲۰ء میں دہلی کی آل انڈیا خلافت کانفرنس میں شریک ہوئے جس میں ایک پر جوش نوجوان نے ہجرت کی تجویز پیش کی تھی، اس کے نتیجہ میں اٹھارہ ہزار پختون کابل چلے...
This research is a quantitative approach with the aim at knowing: (1). The relationship between self-efficacy and the role of the teacher by learning based on self-regulation. (2). The contribution given by self-efficacy and the role of teachers in self-regulation based learning. (3). Levels of self-efficacy and the role of teachers in learning based on self-regulation. The subject of this study was acceleration in one of the Public High Schools in Surakarta as many as 115 people. This study is a principled study on population studies. Based on the results and analysis using multiple regression it is known that the correlation coefficient R = 0.375 (p = 0.000: p <0.05), which means that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and the role of teachers with self-regulation. The total contribution given by the two independent variables in this study amounted to 14.1%, and for both categorizations the independent variables namely self-efficacy and the role of the teacher were at a high level, and the dependent variable of learning based on self-regulation was at a very high level. Key word: Self-Regulated Learning, Self-Efficacy, The Role of Teachers
Bulk metallic glass (BMG) is an important class of materials possessing unique set of properties. Iron Cobalt (FeCo) based BMGs have properties especially suited for applications where high strength and wear resistance is required like surgical tools and mechanical precision elements. These can also be used in electromechanical conversion devices. The current thesis is aimed at the study of the mechanical properties of the FeCo based BMGs. Three FeCo-based BMGs with the compositions (Fe0.5Co0.5)69-xNb6B25+x (x = 0, 2, 4) were cast using electric arc melting and suction casting technique. For each composition three samples were prepared, tested, and analysed in as-cast, annealed and partially crystalline conditions. The as-cast alloys possessed high hardness that was found to increase with annealing and partial crystallization. Hardness values approaching 1400 HV were obtained for partially crystalline BMG alloy having the maximum boron content. In X-ray diffraction scans no peaks that indicate crystallinity in the BMG alloys were observed in the as-cast and annealed condition while small broad peaks were present in the diffraction patterns of partially crystalline alloy samples. Glass transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tx) temperatures of all the three BMG alloys in as-cast condition were above 800 K. Saturation magnetization (MS) has shown a decrease while magnetic coercivity (HC) increased with an increase in boron content of the alloy. The maximum value of MS (92 emu/g) was obtained for annealed BMG alloy with the maximum iron-cobalt content. Indentation of the BMG alloys resulted in the formation of the deformation zone underneath the indents that consisted of shear bands. Annealing of the cast FeCo based BMG alloys resulted in a decrease in the size of the deformation zone as compared to as-cast amorphous alloys mainly because of increase in strength of the alloys. Plastically deformed zone size calculations through available models show an overestimation of the zone size. Indentation of partially crystalline alloys (intrinsic composites) produced corner cracks while no cracks were observed in case of as-cast and annealed alloys. Palmqvist crack morphology was observed for corner cracks at all the indentation loads used. Indentation fracture toughness of intrinsic composites was obtained by calculations based on the measured corner crack lengths. Indentation fracture toughness values ranging in 1.85 MPa√m to 2.9 MPa√m, were obtained. Best mechanical properties and thermal stability was shown by the alloy with the highest boron content (29 at%) while better magnetic properties were exhibited by the other two BMG alloys.