The goal of this study was to develop a groundwater flow model and a contaminant transport model to understand the fate of the Arsenic in the groundwater. Visual MODFLOW 4.0, the Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc. software was utilized for this study. A three-dimensional, finite- difference, groundwater flow model was used to develop a regional conceptualization of the flow system in the D. I. Khan area. The D. I. Khan sand aquifer system has been divided into three gently sloping geohydrologic units. The 2900 Km 2 study area was divided into 33852 cells with dimensions of 500 m by 500 m comprising of 186 columns and 182 rows and containing three layers. The finite difference block centered grid was used with an average depth of model simulation was set to 100 meters that almost equals to the average depth of existing tube wells (water wells). The model region was bounded by Indus River, Takwarrah Nala and the Sheikh Haider Zaman Nala in the east, northeast and southwest respectively. The area also consists of Gomal Nala, Chashma Right Bank Canal (CRBC) and Paharpur canal. The model was also adorned with the various hydraulic parameters spatial distributions including hydraulic conductivity (K), initial heads, recharge, porosity, specific storage (Ss), specific yield (Sy), top and bottom elevation of aquifers. The model was initially run for 10 years in steady state for the year 1985. In steady state a single time step was used. The model was calibrated with several runs by modifying the hydraulic conductivities and recharge values. The Parameter Estimation and Testing (PEST) has been used to do the calibration with the minimum and maximum ranges of 30 hydraulic conductivities and recharge values. The model was also calibrated in transient state in 1985 using steady state heads as initial conditions and assessing the draw downs. The area has been studied with respect to the various anthropogenic activities and found to be contaminated with high salinity, sulphates and Arsenic. The contaminant transport model MT3D was used with the observed Arsenic (As) concentrations and calibrated in 2010 for steady state and non steady state conditions. Model realizations were further projected up to 2025 to monitor the spreading of Arsenic concentration in the groundwater. The preliminary management scenarios were also discussed to address the issue at hand for safety of the inhabitants in the study area. The study results include estimates of hydraulic and transport properties, direction of regional flow, contaminant transport, its fate, prevention, remediation and a discussion of the iresults to gain a more complete understanding of the subsurface flow and contaminant transport system. Perhaps this work will be the first step in learning more about the subsurface flow system of the D. I. Khan aquifer, and provide a useful tool to manage and properly plan future management of the groundwater resources.
وہ پشاور یونیورسٹی کی طلبہ کی سیاست میں متحرک تھے اور پی ایس ایف کے مقبول رہنما تھے ۔ سید قمر عباس نے ہم سے کہا کہ قاضی سلطان محمود صاحب سے کہو کہ مجھے کچھ دن دیں ان شاء اﷲ خیبر پختونخواہ کے طلبہ پنجاب کے طلبہ کے شانہ بہ شانہ تحریک چلائیں گے ۔ہم واپس راولپنڈی آ گئے دوسرے دن رات کو بی بی سی اردو سنا کہ پشاور یو نیورسٹی کے طلبہ کا بھرپور احتجاج یونیورسٹی بند کر دی گئی جمرود روڈ مکمل بلاک سید قمر عباس شہید ایک بہادر انسان تھے وہ مشہور شاعر فارغ بخا ری کے صاحبزادے تھے ۔پیپلز سٹوڈنٹس فیڈریشن کے بانیوں میں سے تھے ۔ساری زندگی جد وجہد میں گزاری متعدد بار جیلوں میں گئے ان کی شہادت سے پیدا ہو نے والا خلاء آج تک پر نہیں ہو سکا ۔
یہ سال 1972کی بات ہے اور غالبا مہینہ بھی فروری کا تھا کیو نکہ مجھے یاد ہے کہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پیپلز پارٹی کو بر سراقتدار آئے ہوئے یہی کوئی مہینہ ڈیڑھ ہو ا تھا ۔میں ان دنوں گورڈن کالج راولپنڈی کی سٹوڈنٹس یونین کا صدر تھا ۔چونکہ بھٹو صاحب نے جنرل یحی کوreplace کیا تھا اس لیے وہ نہ صرف ملک کے صدر تھے بلکہ مارشل لاء ایڈ منسٹریٹر بھی تھے ۔اسی اعتبار سے صوبوںکے گورنر ،ڈپٹی مارشل لاء ایڈمنسٹریٹر ٹھہرے پنجاب میں غلام مصطفی کھر کے پاس یہ عہدہ تھا۔کھر صاحب نے صوبے امور چلانے کے لیے ایک کابینہ تشکیل دے رکھی تھی ۔جس میں راولپنڈی سے منتخب شدہ ایم این اے خورشید حسن میر تعلیم کا مشیر بنا یا گیا تھا ۔میںنے صدارت کا الیکشن بھاری اکثریت سے جیت رکھا تھا ۔نسبتاََ آسانی سے...
Improving the Quality of Learning to Listen to Short Stories by Using Recorded Media for Reading Short Stories for Class XI IPA2 Students of SMA Negeri 1 Bontotiro, Bulukumba Regency.” This study aims to describe the improvement in the quality of learning to listen to short stories using short story reading recording media for students of class XI IPA2 SMA Negeri 1 Bontotiro, Bulukumba Regency. The results of the study prove that improving the quality of learning to listen to short stories using short story reading recording media in class XI IPA2 SMA Negeri 1 Bontotiro Bulukumba Regency at the planning stage found an increase in the ability of teachers in the field of study to plan better learning implementation in cycle II. In the implementation stage, there was an increase in student activity during the learning process, such as the sincerity, discipline, and self-confidence of students following the learning process. The evaluation stage found an increase in the results of the short story listening test, showing that in the first cycle 56.09% of students experienced mastery learning, and in the second cycle it reached 97.56% who experienced learning mastery. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the recording media for reading short stories could improve the quality of learning to listen to short stories in class XI IPA2 SMA Negeri 1 Bontotiro, Bulukumba Regency
Fifth Generation (5G) is considered to be the future advancements in wireless technology. The ever increasing number of smart network devices may obsolete latest 4G technology for handling bandwidth allocation to a large number of smart devices. To meet with this challenging need, for rapid and efficient data transfer over such devices, requires next generation mobile technology. 5G technology is anticipated to offer appropriate solutions to such issues. High data rates can be achieved by using 5G, however, to make such futuristic technology realistic, is a real challenge. This challenging goal can be achieved by efficient utilization of the bandwidth in allocated spectrum. In this context, Cognitive Radio (CR), is an intelligent radio which has inherent adaptive procedures. It reuses the frequency when primary user is absent and works on principle of dynamic frequency allocation. CR is one of the key enabling technology for 5G networks which allows nodes to evaluate and manage underused licensed channels. It has brought benefits to a CR based 5G cellular networks which include ability to adapt dynamicity of a network, deals with the spectrum scarcity issue and operates in heterogeneous environment. It also provides intelligent solutions and self-governing capabilities to assist 5G key functions especially in smart beamforming. Another promising enabling technology of 5G is massive multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO). Due to its attributes such as increased spectral and energy efficiency, it is envisaged as a potential technology for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks. As already mentioned that radio spectrum has become a scarce resource in wireless communications, hence imposes excessive cost on the high data rate transmission. Several linear and non linear detection techniques such as Zero-Forcing (ZF), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), and Vertical Bell-Labs Layered Space Time (VBLAST) have been introduced. The purpose of such schemes is to mitigate the signal detection problems which are based on trade-offs between the bit error rate (BER) performance and computational complexities. The challenge in the design of massive- MIMO systems is developing less complex and efficient detection algorithms. The problem in building a receiver for massive-MIMO is to de-correlate the spatial signatures on the receiver antenna array. In this thesis, firstly, 5G technology, its challenges and proposed solutions are presented. Secondly, CR based 5G technology is investigated with the view to explore both technologies jointly and to present a comprehensive overview which will invigorate new research initiatives in this exciting field. Thirdly, a novel algorithm viz: Hybrid n-Bit Heuristic Assisted-VBLAST (HHAV) to perform an optimum decoding for massive-MIMO, is proposed. This structure is simulated in dynamic Rayleigh fading channel. One of the latest decoding algorithm viz: approximate message passing (AMP) is also evaluated with two threshold functions which include AMP with ternary distribution (AMPT) and AMP with Gaussian distribution (AMPG). Numerical results confirm that proposed HHAV algorithm performs significantly well as compared to the performances of aforementioned detection systems introduced in recent years. Finally, a novel 6G intelligent IOT paradigm is presented to optimize communication channels and process big data intelligently. The enabling technologies and AI based 6G air interface architecture, based on our proposed paradigm are also discussed. The results are evaluated through simulation by comparing our proposed paradigm with 5G-IOT and 5G intelligent IOT. In relation to our proposed concept, simulation results confirm that the performance in terms of effective utilization of channels is significantly improved.