Date Palm, (Phoenix dactylifera L.) often called ‘nakhl’, ‘khajor’, or ‘khaji’ belonging to the family Arcaceae (Dransfield et al., 2008) is an evergreen tree. It is the hardiest among tropical fruit trees and exceeds most other fruit crops in productivity and adaptability. The characterization of date palm at the genetic level supplemented with phenotypic character is of great concern as an important step towards efficient conservation, maintenance and utilization of the existing genetic diversity. The present research work was carried out to investigate the phenotypic variability and genetic diversity of the date palm germplasm present in the 16 districts of Pakistan. A planned survey of date palm growing regions of Pakistan in 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir was conducted for collecting leaf and fruit samples of date palm. Young and healthy leaves were used to extract DNA whereas seeds were extracted from fruit for recording qualitative and quantitative morphometric diversity. In total, 2460 seeds of 82 accessions were included in morphometric study. About 139 date palm accessions were evaluated for genetic variability and population structure. The recorded data were analyzed using a set of different statistical tools for making significant interpretation. A total of 19 traits (5 quantitative and 14 qualitative) enabled an assessment of phenotypic diversity and structure. The measured traits: dorsal area, lateral area, embryo to apex length, embryo to base length and their percentage, seed base, micropyle position, seed wings and frequency of wings were more variable. PCA grouped all the accessions according to their phenotypic relations and morphometric characteristics. Cluster analysis distributed all the 82 Pakistani date palm accessions into their three original groups. The results reflect huge seed morphometric variation and presented seeds as a powerful tool for phenotyping. Furthermore, our study also exhibited strong resemblance and possible relationship between some groups of accessions. All 18 SSR primer pairs successfully analyzed molecular genetic variation and produced multiple fragments in the Pakistani collection as well as in date palm germplasm representing 10 different date palm growing regions of the eastern and western world. These set of markers proved themselves as highly polymorphic for genetic diversity estimation and population structure within and among all the geographically spaced population of xvii worldwide accessions. The findings of implemented markers revealed 2-23 alleles per locus with high level of expected heterozygosity in the accessions collected from Pakistan. The most informative SSR marker in this study was mPdCIT078. In addition, cultivar identification key were established. It allowed resolving the difference and constructs the relationships of the same name or vice versa. Our results also suggested the existence of population subdivision at the regional level. Population from semi arid – monsoonal or canal irrigated (seasonal or perennial) belt of Punjab (Bhakkar, Muzafargarh and Rahim Yar Khan) and dry arid ecological zones of Balochistan (Kech, Gwadar) are stable in their structure whereas DAPC distributed 342 accessions of 10 date palm growing countries into two major geographical groups (eastern and western). It is concluded that Pakistani germplasm has huge diversity and genetic pool were close to the eastern world especially Iraq and Oman.
ڈاکٹر عبدالحئی عارفی ؒ مارچ ۱۹۸۶ءکی آخری تاریخوں میں ہم لوگ مولانا سید ابوالحسن ندوی کے ساتھ مدینہ منورہ میں تھے، تو ایک صاحب نے کراچی میں ڈاکٹر عبدالحئی کی رحلت کی خبر دی، جس کو سن کر سب ہی ملول اور افسردہ ہوئے، مولانا علی میاں نے تو فوراًتعزیت کا تار لکھوا کر کراچی بھجوایا۔ میری نظروں میں ڈاکٹر صاحب کا وہ چھریرا جسم، منور چہرہ اور مطہر آنکھیں گھومنے لگیں، جب ان کو ۱۹۴۴ء میں پہلی دفعہ جونپور میں دیکھا تھا، اس زمانہ میں استاذی المحترم حضرت مولانا سید سلیمان ندویؒ کے منجھلے داماد برادرم سید حسین وہاں ڈپٹی کلکٹر تھے، ان کے کرایہ کا مکان ٹھیک ڈاکٹر صاحب مرحوم کے وسیع اور کشادہ مکان کے سامنے تھا، وہیں حضرت سید صاحبؒ ان سے ملنے گئے ہوئے تھے، میں بھی وہاں دو چار روز کے لیے پہنچ گیا تھا، عصر کی نماز کے بعد حضرت سید صاحبؒ کی نشست ڈاکٹر صاحب مرحوم کے گھر پر ہوتی، دونوں حضرت مولانا اشرف علی تھانویؒ کے خلفاء میں تھے، ڈاکٹر صاحب مرحوم حضرت سید صاحبؒ سے تقریباً پندرہ سال چھوٹے تھے، اس لئے ان کے ملنے کا انداز بالکل خوردانہ اور عزیز انہ تھا، مگر جس روحانی رشتے میں دونوں منسلک تھے، ان میں لطف وکرم، مہر و محبت، اور یگانگت و موانست کی نکہت بیزی اور شامہ نوازی کے سوا اور کیا ہوسکتی تھی، یہ خاکسار بھی ان نشستوں میں شریک رہتا، اس کے تھوڑے دن پہلے حضرت تھانویؒ کے بڑے مشہور خلیفہ مولانا محمد عیسیٰؒ کی وفات جونپور ہی میں ہوئی تھی، اس موقع پر امداد غیبی سے حضرت تھانویؒ کے اور خلفائے مجازین جنازہ میں شرکت کی غرض سے جس محبت سے پہنچ گئے تھے، اس کا ذکر زیادہ تر ان نشستوں میں ہوتا کہ کس طرح ایک نے غسل دیا، دوسرے نے نماز جنازہ...
Farmers predominantly belong to lower class of the society, particularly in developing and under developing countries. This actuality really put them on back-foot in every sphere of life, including their various agricultural activities. For instance, they always face problems to fulfil their agricultural requirement, both for crop and non crop activities, and hence, not in position to get utmost benefits from their efforts. Being citizens of a developing country, Pakistani farmers come across the identical situation. As they are Muslims, therefore, avoid securing interest based loan from the financial institutions. Islamic financial system provides an alternate to such interest based arrangement in the shape of various financing techniques. Among these, Istisnā’ (manufacturing) is the most important one which can be used effectively for the fulfilment of various agricultural requirements. However, its role is more dominant in the satisfaction of non crop agricultural activities that is for example, manufacturing of some heavy agricultural machinery and equipments, installation of tube-wells and channels for appropriate irrigation system, construction of small houses for farmers in their lands etc. The present work discusses the theoretical background of this mode, available in the scholarly work of classical and contemporary Muslim jurists’ work, followed by the description that how it can be used for financing various sectors of agriculture. Study reveals the transaction is equally viable for the development of all sectors of agriculture like local farming, fish farming, dairy farming, poultry farming, horticulture etc. The intended results can be achieved when the financial institutions apply the transaction in its true spirit and philosophies envisaged for it by Islamic commercial law, and not mere a source of earning profit.
In this thesis we study three di erent problems. First, we study a class of a multivalued perturbations of m-dissipative evolution inclusions with nonlocal initial condition in arbitrary Banach spaces. We prove the existence of solutions when the multivalued right hand side is Lipschitz and admits nonempty closed bounded but, in general case, neither convex nor compact values. Illustrative example is provided. Second, we prove two variants of the well known lemma of Filippov{Pliss in case of dynamical inclusions on time scale. Therst variant is when the right-hand side is Lipschitz continuous on the state variable. Afterward we introduce one sided Perron conditions for multifunctions on time scale and prove the second variant of that lemma. Some discussions on relaxed systems is provided. Third, we investigate fuzzy fractional integral inclusions under compactness type conditions. We prove the existence of solutions when the right-hand side is almost upper semicontinuous. We also show that the solution set is connected. Finally, an application to fuzzy fractional di erential inclusions is given.