Deciphering In Vitro Regeneration Capabilities of Wheat and Investigations of Genetic Transformation in Wheat and Barley An efficient and reliable genetic transformation system is imperative for the improvement of food grains such as wheat and barley. While wheat transformation is complex due to its larger genome and high ploidy level, the barley has a limiting factor of genotypic dependency. In addition, cereals are known to be recalcitrant towards callus induction and regeneration. The biological processes behind in vitro response are complex and poorly understood. Selection of responsive genotypes and suitable media for tissue culture are important for genetic transformation. Mature embryos of wheat cultivars, lines and special stocks were used to evaluate genotypic and chromosomal response to tissue culture with variable concentrations of 2, 4-D in MS-medium. Similarly, different concentrations of IAA, BAP and Kinetin were used to find optimum combinations for regeneration. Specific expression vector pBRACT 214-NDPK2 carrying NDPK2 gene was used to compare relative Agrobacterium mediated transformation efficiency in wheat and barley. Significant differences were found among mean values of calli obtained under different concentrations of 2, 4-D for the tested wheat cultivars and lines. Callus induction frequency varied widely with genotype and exogenous auxin source ranging from 21% (Chenab 2000) to 94% (Atta Habib) at 1 and 2 mg/L of 2, 4-D, respectively. Most responsive cultivars and lines were Atta Habib, Siran, Iqbal 2000, Inqalab 2000, Marvi 2000, CIITADSW2, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 which yielded maximum calli in a minimum time period of four weeks. It was found that from genome A the chromosomes 1A, 2A showed marked effect on callus induction, while from B and D genome the chromosome 3B, 7B, 2D, 4D and 6D were found responsible for the callus induction response. Based on the information from the response of substitution lines, the gene responsible for tissue culture response can be marked on to the individual chromosomes. Most efficient regeneration response was shown in Atta Habib followed by Siran and Chenab 2000 respectively. Wheat line CIITADSW5 showed significantly highest regeneration potential of 31% followed by CIITADSW1, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 each with 25%. Both wheat and barley showed different responses towards callus induction and regeneration. Both embryogenic and non embryogenic calli were found in wheat with significantly greater tendency for embryogenecity in barley. The barley transformed lines showed good response on the regeneration medium as compared to wheat. PCR analysis of putative transformants using genomic DNA analyses showed a promising transformation response in barley with 27% transformation efficiency opposed to wheat where no true transgenic was obtained in any cultivar used in this study. The protocol developed and optimized for wheat and barley transformation will greatly help in crop improvement programme through genetic engineering especially in diploid relatives of cereals. Findings of this study suggested that callus induction and regeneration were genotype and hormones dependent, but independent of each other.
اسلام زندگی بسرکرنے کے ہر پہلو کے متعلق ہدایات و احکام کا جامع تصور دیتا ہے۔ اسلام میں پاک و صاف وسائل ِ حیات کے استعمال کی ترغیب دی گئی ہے۔ اسلام میں طہارت و نظافت کے معاملے میں انتہائی مثالی تعلیمات و ہدایات بیان کی گئی ہیں۔ اسلام آلودگی و گندگی سے نفرت اور صفائی و پاکیزگی سے محبت کا جذبہ پیدا کرتا ہے۔ اصول ِ طہارت پر عمل کرنا حکم الہی ہے۔ طہارت کے اصول کی پیروی سے انسان فکری پاکیزگی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ اگر کوئی انسان اپنے نفس کو پاکیزہ رکھنا چاہتا ہے تو اسے لا محالہ طہارت کے اصول پر عمل کو اپنی اولین خصلت بنا نا ہوگا۔ طہارت کے اہتمام سے انسانی قلب و رووح میں نورانیت پیدا ہو جاتی ہے۔ فقہ اسلامی کی ہر کتاب کا آغاز کتاب "کتاب الطھارۃ "کیا جاتا ہے۔ شاہ ولی اللہ ؒ نے حجتہ اللہ البالغہ میں طہارت و نظافت کے اصول پر تفصیلی اور فکر انگیز روشنی ڈالی ہے اور اصول ِ طہارت کو اساسیاتِ اخلاق کے اولین درجے پر فائز کیا ہے۔ اصول طہارت کی پیروی انسانی فطرت کا خاصہ ہے۔
طہارت کی دو قسمیں ہیں: 1۔ جسمانی و ظاہری طہارت 2۔ قلبی و باطنی طہارت قرآنی آیات میں جہاں بھی طہارت کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے، وہاں یہ دونوں قسم کی طہارت و نظافت پر عمل کرنا مراد ہوتاہے۔ امام بخاری ؒ نے صیح بخاری کا آغاز نیت کے اخلاص یعنی قلبی پاکیزگی سے کیا ہے۔ یعنی دل کی صفائی کو جسم کی صفائی پر فوقیت و برتری حاصل ہے۔
Colonialism has impacted on Islamic Law as well as Islamic civilization. Islam has a dissonant relationship with modernity in that it agrees with central aspects of this epochal phenomenon and parts ways with others. The compatibility issues were raised by the Muslim thinkers. Many Muslim scholars have contributed to give an original understanding of message of Islam detached from sectarian influences. Traditions are considered to be the vehicle for the transference of factors to modernity with a strong role in determining power and culture of a civilization. Thus, they pave the way for the power tools of a civilization. The theories of Muslim scholars from Asia and Egypt are discussed to elaborate the Muslim understanding of facing the challenges of modernity. The contemporary scholars’ views are also added with an analysis of their observation on compatibility of Islam with modern era challenges and the criticism on it due to their modernity conception.
This thesis aims at understanding and improving results in the field of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. The primary objective of this work is the mathematical modeling and development of numerical solutions for boundary layer flows involving non-Newtonian Carreau fluid. For this purpose, a two-dimensional boundary layer equations are developed for varying stretching geometries like planer stretching sheet, radially stretching/shrinking sheet, stretching/shrinking cylinder and moving wedge. The governing problems concerning the flow and heat transfer analysis of Carreau fluid over non-linear stretching surfaces have been formulated with the aid of Boussinesq approximations. The modeled partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by utilizing suitable transformations. To gain a better insight about the behavior of these flows, numerical solutions are developed with comprehensive and meaningful interpretation. For the numerical simulation, we apply two numerical techniques: Runge-Kutta Fehlberg scheme and the collocated method (bvp4c). There is a great diversity of non-Newtonian fluids flow in chemical engineering and industrial process, like, suspensions, nuclear fuel slurries, emulsions and polymeric solutions, etc. Definitely in depth study of these fluids is an important and challenging task in the engineering field. Therefore, the present thesis demonstrates the mathematical modeling and numerical simulation to the boundary layer flows of a non-Newtonian Carreau fluid. In this work a qualitative study is performed with a few profound observations. The acquired results in this work for the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Carreau fluid are mainly presented in the form of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. The general trend of velocity profiles is that a higher estimation of the power-law index leads to an enhancement in the fluid velocity as well as momentum boundary layer thickness. However, a quite the opposite is true in case of temperature field. Additionally, the fluid has a thicker boundary layer thickness in case of shear thickening fluid. It is worth highlighting at this end that upon increasing the Weissenberg number the velocity and the momentum boundary layer thickness depreciate in case of shear thinning fluid. One the other hand, in contrast with shear thinning nature an inverse trend is seen for shear thickening fluid. The temperature profiles endorse in the sense that the temperature and thermal boundary layer have the opposite characteristics as that of fluid velocity. In addition, it must be observed that such effects are much prominent in shear thinning fluid as compared to shear thickening fluid.