DEGRADATION OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC COMPOUND - RB 19 Reactive dyes are the largest group of dyes used in textile industry and difficult to eliminate by conventional wastewater treatment plants. Different kinds of physico- chemical processes are being used for the degradation of reactive dyes. These techniques were used to decolorize and degrade dyes. Unfortunately, most of them were frequently plagued mainly due to process inefficiencies and persistence in nature. The textile effluent containing reactive dyes are potentially toxic and mutagenic compounds. Therefore, in the present study different techniques for dye degradation and decolouration were studied. The techniques used were electrochemical, sono- electrochemical, thermal pressure hydrolysis, photocatalysis, and sono-photocatalysis. In each method, effects of different operational parameters were investigated on dye degradation. The results demonstrated that sonoelectrochemical degradation was three times more effective than the individual effects of ultrasonic and electrochemical treatment. In hydrolysis process it has been found that hydrolysis of RB 19 was enhanced at high temperature (120̊C) and pressure (2 atm) as compared to normal conditions of temperature and pressure. Further enhancement in dye degradation was observed when optimum amount of hydrogen peroxide oxidant was used at high temperature and pressure. In sonophotocatalysis process the rate of RB 19 degradation under UV light and TiO 2 catalyst was found to be maximum under acidic conditions with 300 mgL -1 TiO 2 and 100 mgL -1 dye concentration. The further increase in the degradation of RB 19 was achieved by combing photocatalysis and ultrasonic process. The dye degradation mechanism for different techniques resulted in the formation of small molecular weight products e.g. acetic acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, etc. All these techniques were found to follow first order reaction with successful reduction in half life. It is concluded that sonoelectrochemical degradation technique was found to be more efficient as compared to other treatment techniques in term of dye decolorization, degradation, reduction of TOC, half life and electrical energy consumption.
ہو گیا گر کام پھر دشوار تو ہم تو جی لیں گے اکیلے ہی مگر ہم تو کر لیں گے سرِ تسلیم خم سب اشارے ہیں ہماری ہی طرف ہار مانیں گے نہ دشمن سے کبھی چھُوٹ کر زنداں سے آ ہی جائیں گے امن کا امکان کیا ہے وارثی آپ ہی ٹھہرے جو ذمہ دار تو تیرا جینا ہو گیا دشوار تو ان کی جانب سے ہوا انکار تو فیصلہ الٹا ہوا سرکار تو دوستوں نے کر دیا گر وار تو لے گئے اپنے ہی سوئے دار تو فیصلے کرنے لگے تلوار تو
Human beings have been created in proportion and perfection by the Creator, as He is Just and Fair and likes justice and fairness in making and implementing laws. Justice is the key on every level from individual to State and interstate for peaceful and smooth functioning. Justice holds universal acceptance from the laws of nature to the creation of beings, while injustice leads to chaos. It causes the decline and disgrace among civilized societies. The chaos and terrorism in contemporary world is all because of injustices by individuals and by the States. The teachings of the messangers of Allah were to create the justice and equality at every level in the society. Deviation from the teachings of Allah and His messangers with respect to justice is a way towards destruction. Any nation that forgoes justice becomes victim of injustice itself and the consequences are ultimate anarchy and chaos. Islam as a universal religion demands the justice in every sphere of life. Islam and its teachings are for peace and prosperity. It promulgates and promotes human dignity and the value of Justice, equality and peace. Today the Ummah is in desperate need of adopting and practicing justice and fairness as the Creator has shown in His Word and Work.
The continuous weak subsolutions of general type second order linear partial dif- ferential equations are studied in the present thesis. Based on monotonic approximation techniques developed by Walter Littman (1963) we prove that under some regularity conditions on the coefficients of the uniformly elliptic differential operator any bounded continuous weak subsolution in a smooth domain D possesses all first order weak (Sobolev) partial derivatives and belongs to the weighted Sobolev space H 1 (D; h), where h(x) is the appropriate weight function. Moreover, we establish a new type weighted reverse Poincare inequality for the dif- ference of two bounded and continuous weak subsolutions. Further the latter inequality is applied to the approximation problem of the gradient of the analytically unknown value function of the optimal stochastic control prob- lem, the value function being the unique solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation.